Secure Environment
Does governments' primary view of the environment as a resource prejudice or distort attempts to secure it? Environmental resources are vast and omnipresent. They are the building block for life and everything that has flowed from it until this very day. Ranging from the air we breathe, to the aquatic life at the bottom of the world's deepest oceans, the environmental, or at least aspects of it, is often overlooked, damaged or exploited beyond sustainability. Sovereign nations lay claim to some environmental resources, such as minerals, forests and coral reefs, whilst others are a collective resource, like air circulating around the earth. In an increasingly globalised world, characterised by population growth, drastically increased consumption levels and general environmental degradation, I will argue that although the viewing of the environment as a resource may distort attempts to secure it, it does not prevent them entirely. Depletion of our environment can be viewed as a global 'tragedy of the commons'. Since the environment is largely a common resource with no single ownership (eg air, the ozone layer), many nations would not have great enough incentive to limit its exploitation. Improving environmental conditions will likely benefit the whole world. This cannot be achieved however without global agreements that often entail negative economic implications. Modern
September 11 has redefined the relationship between the United States and Saudi Arabia. Discuss
Art Teniente The former Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger once said, "No foreign policy - no matter how ingenious, has any chance of success if it is born in the minds of a few and carried in the hearts of none." Kissinger's remarks regarding the construction of foreign policy bodes great significance to countries at any time, however, its application to one particular set of foreign relations bears interesting outcomes. The relations between Saudi Arabia and the United States have persisted in formal diplomatic terms for slightly more than sixty years. In that time period, several issues have come to characterize this partnership. Oil, military bases, terrorism, and Osama bin-Laden - are all words that have swirled around in discussions regarding this relationship. Over the course of those sixty years though, many developments have impacted the relationship. In recent history, no event has had as particular or significant an impact as the events of 9/11. Since September 11, 2001, US-Saudi relations have come under greater scrutiny among factions on both sides. The following paper will attempt to analyze such scrutiny and its beacon for US-Saudi relations post September 11th. In doing so, it will initially assess the historical surroundings of the partnership, context surrounding 9/11, and then the implications for the future of the relationship. The
How Compelling is the Social Constructivist Account of Global Politics?
How compelling is the Social Constructivist account of Global Politics? Constructivism breaks the mould with regard to political events in the 20th century. It acts to prove that political absolutes are far from given, states are not states, anarchy is a human creation, and most interestingly, our interests on an international scale define who we are. Whilst this may seem convincing, the theory runs into serious problems and contradictions when empirical evidence is taken into account, it is compelling, but not definitive and certainly not concrete. The Constructivist account of global politics can be split into three core elements. The first is an attitude towards the state. Constructivism does not subscribe to a realist doctrine of international anarchy where states are the prime political units. Constructivists decentre the state as the prime agent of International Relations. This stems from their belief that understanding the world of global politics in terms of anarchy creating states and their interests is inadequate. For Constructivists anarchy does not impose limitations on state interactions as it is not a defining feature of international relations. Constructivists maintain that state interaction is the core concept responsible for creating the global society. Wendt, a key Constructivist thinker argued that whilst the nation state remains the subject of analysis,
Argument on safety on public transport in Chicargo.
Nikhil Shah English - 101 M - W: 6:30pm - 9:45pm 7-22-01 A R G U M E N T E S S A Y Have you ever used public transportation in Chicago? Have you ever sat next to a total stranger on a subway train? Or, have you ever taken the "L" train at night? Well I have done all of the these things while going to work and from downtown Chicago. I work in downtown Chicago, so I take the "L" everyday to and from work. Sometimes it is really frightening inside these trains, especially at night, since there are no security officers, or conductors inside the cars, there is only one person, and that is the engineer all the way in the front of the train. To help people feel less frightened, the CTA needs to improve only one thing, get more employees on these trains. The CTA should hire more workers as train conductors or security officers and put them on the public trains. They should do this because there is no one to protect the riders except the engineer who is in the front of the train. When I go to work there are lots of people on the train, and hardly any space to sit or stand. People push each other out of their way just to get inside the train to find a seat. In this situation no one has time to worry about who they are sitting or standing next to. I am afraid to ride the train, especially at night. What I am most afraid of is that someone, a total stranger can harm me
In this essay I intend to identify the processes of globalisation, followed by the identification of space and time within globalisation and from this I'm going to look at how peoples perceptions relate to my findings.
02012332 Examine how globalisation processes are transforming all perceptions of space and time. Globalisation is a large and important part of today's societies around the world. It affects everybody. No society on earth any longer lives incomplete separation from other, and even in the world's wealthiest countries, people are dependent upon goods, which have been produced and transported from abroad. This can be said to be a result of space and time. The importance of globalisation is that of the way in which countries are linked and interact, and become reliant upon eachother. In this essay I intend to identify the processes of globalisation, followed by the identification of space and time within globalisation and from this I'm going to look at how peoples perceptions relate to my findings. From doing this in such a way I believe it will produce a clear way of interpreting the answer to the question. Before we can establish connections between people's perceptions of space and time, we need to determine where the development of the idea of space and time came from, and also what it means. Five concepts have been developed from globalisation theories. One common notion, which has conceived of globalisation, is in terms of 'internationalisation'. From this perspective 'global' is simply another way to describe cross-border relations between countries, and
Using your understanding of classical realism, explain the US invasion of Iraq in 2003.
Using your understanding of classical realism, explain the US invasion of Iraq in 2003. The September 11 terrorist attacks on the American World Trade Center placed the USA in the hearts and minds of millions of people throughout the World. It was a tragedy from which, came much support and sympathy. However, the succeeding actions taken by George W. Bush - then president of the USA - managed, slowly but surely, to turn support into resentment. The main action was the USA invasion of Iraq. Beginning in March 2003, the invasion of Iraq was presented by the Bush administration as a subsequent step in the post 9/11 war on terror. His justification for the Iraq invasion were that American intelligence organizations had reason to believe Iraq was producing Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs) and that Iraqi leader, Saddam Hussein was an evil dictator that had links with terrorist organizations -mainly with Al-Qaeda- that threatened American ideals, values and interests (Nuruzzaman, 2005:3) While alleged WMDs were never found, there is still much debate amongst political theorists as to why the US invaded Iraq; theories of classical realim, however, explain US motives quite well. This essay aims to explain how classical realism is a good way to explain the US invasion of Iraq. Firstly, this essay will give a more comprehensive background into the controversy surrounding the US
SHOULD JAPAN TAKE ON A MORE SIGNIFICANT SECURITY ROLE IN THE ASIA REGION?
COVER SHEET FOR 2019AIS: THE INTERNATIONALISATION OF JAPANESE SOCIETY. ESSAY TOPIC: SHOULD JAPAN TAKE ON A MORE SIGNIFICANT SECURITY ROLE IN THE ASIA REGION? JAPANS INVOLVEMENT IN THE WAR ON IRAQ, THEIR GROWING CONCERNS AND THE NEED FOR AN INCREASED SECURITY ROLE IN THE ASIA REGION. Japanese security has become an issue of increasing importance since the internationalization of Japan. The Japanese have always regarded their culture as sacred and worth protecting with their lives. At this time in history Japan has new enemies, which come in the form of Muslim extremists who call themselves Alkida. These extremists can be perceived as terrorists or freedom fighters; after all one man's terrorist is another mans freedom fighter. Although the United States of America leads the war on terrorism in Iraq, Japan's president Mr. Junichiro Koizumi supports this war only to a certain extent due to fears of terrorist attacks in Japan. But the strong Japanese-American alliance since the Second World War still remains intact. "The U.S-Japan alliance is indispensable for ensuring the security of Japan and continues to play a key role in maintaining peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific region" (na [2], www.mofa.go.jp). "The alliance serves as a political basis for wide-ranging bilateral cooperation, including efforts to build a more stable international security environment"
What issues can be raised in attempting to solve the Palestine question
What issues can be raised in attempting to solve the Palestine question. Suggest some of the more prominent political and demographic features of the transformation from 1948 to present. The question of Palestine is an issue that has generated a vast amount of literature. The transformation from the Palestine of nineteen-forty-eight to present day Israel has a rich and complicated history. The question of Palestine encompasses many different demographic, political and cultural features. In nineteen-fourteen Palestine did not exist formally. The whole area was part of the southern Levant. It was part of an organized geopolitical state that was subject to Ottoman rule. It had no formal boundaries but it was comprised of a community whose language, dialect and culture were identical with the rest of the Levant. This area was also known as Syria. Syria at that time did not have formal political boundaries but instead had administrative boundaries called Sanjaa or Mutasarifiat. Sanjaa was a small district administered by locals while Mutasarifiat was an administrative area a bit bigger then a Sanjaa but still a district. At this time the Jews who lived there comprised only 8.6% of the total population and all of them spoke Arabic. In nineteen-twenty Palestine was formally created by a mandate given to the British by the League of Nations. The area of the Levant
'Processes associated with globalisation including international migration, are undermining national citizenship' Discuss
'Processes associated with globalisation including international migration, are undermining national citizenship' Discuss It is clear that we now live in a time where the nation-state is no longer the undisputed highest form of governance. Whilst states are still important actors, as most commentators would agree, it is also accepted that there are now others who significantly affect power, in some cases over and above that of some states. As Castles points out "the development of the modern citizenship was inextricably linked with the emergence of the nation-state in Western Europe and North America...The current crisis of citizenship is thus linked with the challenges facing the nation-state model at the end of the twentieth century."1 Global forces, most importantly those of an economic nature and accelerated technological 'advances', are seen to be reducing the states' ability to govern and also retain its position as provider of citizenship and the benefits associated with national citizenship. The evidence to show that these forces are undermining the nation, and thus the 'national' emphasis of citizenship, are quite compelling, but there are also counter arguments that see the beginnings of a resurgence of national identity as a response to these forces. Furthermore, there are questions as to whether national citizenship is simply being replaced by other forms of
Are the member states of the EU positive towards an enlargement of the EU to Central and Eastern Europe?
Are the member states of the EU positive towards an enlargement of the EU to Central and Eastern Europe? For many, enlargement to include Central and East Europe provides an historic and moral opportunity to improve stability and security across the European continent by means of economics and political integration. Others, however, have expressed concerns about its costs and consequences for the future functioning of the EU. Twelve applicant countries are presently engaged in the process: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Romania, Bulgaria, Malta, and Cyprus. Accession negotiations are under way and the objective is that they can take part as members in the European Parliament's elections of 2004. Each enlargement increases the complexity of interstate bargaining and makes it more difficult to reach agreements, especially in major policy initiatives. Accessions entail costs for both current members and applicants, not least as markets are gradually opened to increased competition. But also, it offers major economic benefits, both to the existing Union and to the acceding countries. In fact, the benefits and opportunities of enlargement by far outweigh the potential obstacles, costs and risks. However, although the 15 existing member are positive towards a Central and Eastern enlargement, if the EU does not move ahead with