Parliament - HRA, length of parliaments and treaties
(a) The Human Rights Act 1998 came into force in order to ensure that future legislations would be in accordance with the European Convention of Human Rights. However as a Domestic Law, it is possible for Parliament to repeal or amend it at any time. Parliament has the absolute legislative authority to make or unmake laws. The main limit to Parliament's law making supremacy is that neither Parliament can pass unchangeable Acts, according to Vauxhall Estates V Liverpool Corporation1, nor it can bind its successors. Government has to introduce a Bill. Using its legislative right, Parliament can vote in favor of the entrenchment of the Human Rights Act 1998 which indicates the requirement of a two-thirds majority, in each house, for any future appeal or amendment. Nevertheless for common law, the Human Rights Act is recognized in the category of constitutional legislations, so the Bill which is going to entrench it has to mention clearly in express language the purpose of this legislation. This was also proved in 1993 in R V Secretary of State for the Home Department2 where Lord Hoffmann said that "only express repeal can amend or remove the Act". Finally, the above legislation, practically, cannot be an entrenchment since it is not unchangeable. As mentioned no Parliament can bind its successors thus the Human Rights Act cannot be entrenched for ever. Furthermore, since the
How did the labour government implement the Beveridge report?
How did the labour government implement the Beveridge report? From the Second World War, the torment and suffering of British society had risen but morale had dropped after people suddenly realised what a mess their country was in. British civilians were ready and willing to give anything a go to improve their country and create a 'Better Britain For All'. During the war, many people wanted to make sure that Britain was a better place for its people. Between 1944-45, the British people had endured two world wars and mass unemployment during the Great Depression of the 1920's and 1930's. As the war was coming to an end, people were looking for a new social change and a better tomorrow. Just as in the First World War, the government had taken control of all those industries that were vital to the war effort. Not only had they taken them but they also took responsibility for the organisation and welfare during the war. This greater involvement continued after the war. So with this they decided to plan for life after the war. With the same ideas as the British people they wanted to create a new Britain, one in which everyone would benefit and would receive the same. William Beveridge, a minister, was asked to look into social security. He said that there were 'Five Giants' which blocked social progress and had to be removed if Britain were to end poverty and create a new
Examine the role of Gandhi in the development of Indian nationalism
Examine the role of Gandhi in the development of Indian nationalism Gandhi is a renowned world figure famous for his works in Indian nationalism. It was his aim to free the Indian Nation from the grips of the British imperial rule. Unlike, other famous nationalist freedom fighter of our time Gandhi was particularly known for his religious and non-violent approaches to nationalism. Being a lawyer by career he spent his early years working in the field of law but after working for rights campaigns he built up a strong sense of morals and objectives, this linked with his strict religious ideals turned him into a public figure and stirred him towards politics in later life. So much of a public man he became in was imprisoned by the British rulers three times during his life for various reasons relating to his nationalist movement. Gandhi was a man respected by all parties involved in India for his works and indeed the way he went about them. His ultimate goal was indeed achieved in 1947 with the bill of Indian Independence being past. It was not exactly how he envisaged it with the partition of India and the birth of Pakistan also emerging which were issues Gandhi worked to prevent. Mohandas K. Gandhi was born in 1869 in Western Indian in the state of Gujarat. He was born into a Hindu family and went on to have an arranged marriage at the age of thirteen to his wife Kasturbai
History of Censorship.
History of Censorship Censorship refers to the suppression of information, knowledge or data that the 'establishment' feel may harm or in some way endanger the public mind or even their own position. In Britain, usually censorship occurs to protect the interests of the government or civil service. Censorship has a long history within the British government, by examining this; we may be able to find trends or patterns of some relevance. Britain is said to be the most secret of all Western democracies, in 1911 due to German espionage the Official Secrets Act was rushed through Parliament, as a result it contained many flaws and restricted huge amounts of government information. For most of the 20th century it was the opposite for other countries. In the First World War, the press encouraged soldiers by lying in the name of 'King and Country.' The press told the public of raping of women and children, cutting nuns' breasts by Germans, these allegations being deliberate lies in order to dehumanise Germans. The public, however believed the press as if they were an encyclopaedia of information. When things at the front were not going too well, correspondents reported 'Good Day' i.e. they reported what they hoped not what actually happened. When men on the front said that the press reported lies, people lost faith in the press. To prevent embarrassment, correspondents lied
Why did the Tsarist regime collapse in 1917?
Why did the Tsarist regime collapse in 1917? Jonathan Woodcock In order to analyse how and why the Russian monarchy based government collapsed in 1917, it is essential to look at the factors that undermined the regime's authority and power base. These factors, which this essay will look into, can broadly be divided into long and short-term factors. I will discuss the long-term factors firstly and then draw attention to the shorter term and immediate issues. The system of government that the tsar employed was an autocratic one, that is, one in which the reliance of rule is placed on one person. This system was looking increasingly outdated in the early twentieth century, as many of the European states, most notably Britain and France had long since abandoned their monarchs as sole despots. The growth of industry and the new social classes created by new economic conditions increased the gap between those who had money and power and those who had not. The demand for parliamentary democracy was growing from the enlarged middle classes and educated liberals. The personality of the incumbent Tsar, Nicholas undermined the future of a tsarist Russia. A problem with a hereditary system of power wielding is that power is forced upon and individual regardless of ability or will to perform the tasks presented. Nicholas was weak, hesitant and reactionary. He also found himself in a
As head of the cabinet, the prime minister is little more than first among equals - Discuss.
THE BRITISH POLITICAL SYSTEM QUENTIN SLOPER AS HEAD OF THE CABINET, THE PRIME MINISTER IS A LITTLE MORE THAN FIRST AMONG EQUALS. DISCUSS 493 WORDS The Cabinet consists of a body of ministers drawn from the party that possesses a majority in the House of Commons. As a collective body the Cabinet is responsible to the Commons for the conduct of the administration. A recognisable form of the current Cabinet system was born during the 18th century when the monarchy surrendered its monopoly of power. The desire to ensure that no one individual should have such powers again saw the Cabinet become 'the ultimate political authority'1, resulting in 'British government being like an orchestra'2, and having 'collective responsibility'3 for decisions. As Chairman, there was never a debate that the PM was anything but the conductor. However, from the 1960's to the present day, there has been an increasing belief that Prime Ministers have also assumed the position of leading violinist, and now have a supremely dominant role in the Cabinet. Those who believe the PM is more than 'first amongst equals' support the 'Prime Ministerial Power'4 thesis developed by Richard Crossman. Writing in 'The English Constitution' by Walter Bageshot, he claimed that suggesting the PM was 'primus inter
Assess the Perofmance of the Labour government 1929-1931
Assess the Performance of the Labour Party during the Economic Crisis of 1929-31 The Economy and Unemployment dominated the 1929 election and were issues that were at the forefront of the leading parties agendas. The election was lead by an impressive Liberal campaign fronted by Lloyd George who implemented his "We can conquer Unemployment"[1] campaign leaflet, which detailed plans to increase spending on infrastructure, such as the programme to build "trunk roads at a cost of £42 million and in turn employing 100,000."[1] He also claimed to place "600,000 men back into work at a cost of £250m."[2] However this came under great criticism by the two leading parties. The Conservatives led by Stanley Baldwin and the Labour government under James Macdonald. The Labour party replied strongly to Lloyd George's "We can conquer unemployment leaflet"[1] with one of their own "How to conquer unemployment: Labours reply to Lloyd George"[2] This argued that Lloyd George had not given a single proposal on how to actually tackle the issue of reconstructing industry. Along with the fact that "Lloyd George was up to his old games of borrowing recklessly as he did during the war, piling on debt"[3]. Labours "Diversified schemes"[4] looked impressive and as a result the General election of 1929 saw a seat gain and took control of 288 seats along with the Liberal party gaining 59 seats.
PC Debate
Debate Surrounding Language and Political Correctness Term 1 2007 Foundation Degree Course Module 206 Tutor - Tim Davies Student - Des Coop This essay is intended to explore the debate surrounding language use and its correlation with the various viewpoints expressed in the wider arena of Political Correctness (PC). I will begin by discussing what the term signifies and explore its origins. I will examine the stance of those holding an ideological view against those more influenced by the discourse. All would argue that the debate is not just about language but also about power. I will then discuss how language may be used and move to outline the main groups in society who are involved. I will delineate the viewpoints provided by each distinct perspective. I will then outline my conclusions with a summary of what I consider to be the most important issues I have uncovered. A definition of Political Correctness provided by WorldNet is, 'the avoidance of expressions or actions that can be perceived to exclude or marginalize or insult people who are socially disadvantaged or discriminated against'. (2007) Jones and Wareing in an extract from the book 'Language, Society and Power' say, 'The origins of the term and concept of 'Political Correctness' are interesting and complicated. The term is used as an insult, a joke and in sincerity by people who believe in its
How far did William Pitt achieve a National Revival between 1783 and 1793?
How far did William Pitt achieve a National Revival between 1783 and 1793? In 1783 Britain was in an awful state. There was huge government debt, the government itself was very inefficient and Britain had just lost America. Before Pitt came to power national industrial and commercial production had fallen. Exports fell by 12% in the 1770s and national debt increased by 91%. The first few months when Pitt came to power, government debt stood at £242.9 million, (this was a huge amount in those days). That was twenty times the annual revenue of £12.5 million from taxes; national bankruptcy was a strong possibility. Stocks went down by more than 17% during 1783, this reflected declining confidence within the government. The detrimental effects of the war in America where Britain had been humiliated had caused all these problems. The American war had only just ended when Pitt came to power. He therefore had to deal with the after effects that this war had caused, for example, Britain had suffered a loss of trade and an economical decline. Pitts task was to achieve stability within the country. He had to try and balance immediate revenue needs for debt reduction against overtaxing commercially important activities. Pitt imposed new taxes to wipe out the deficit while cutting expenditure drastically to increase the government annual income. He also reduced frauds in the
Sess the impact of Europeanisation on politics in the Republic of Ireland.
This Essay is submitted to Dr. Margaret O'Callaghan by J. G. Colm Power for the MSSc course in Irish Politics 6 Assess the impact of Europeanisation on politics in the Republic of Ireland Since the accession of the Irish Republic to the European Economic Community in 1973 there has been a continuous process of Europeanisation occurring throughout the Irish polity. The extent of Europeanisation has been governed in some cases by the need to extend or create new political structures and institutions in order to accommodate the expansion of the powers and consequent bureaucracy which these developments inevitably create. In some respects this has enabled the E. U. ethos (or elements of it) to reach deep into sections of Irish society. The overt devotion to European unity exhibited by the sections of the population Desmond Fennell refers to as the Dublin oriented 'nice people' and the endorsement for more straightforward economic reasons by the rural traditionalist 'rednecks' 1 of what has latterly become the European Union (E.U.), has culminated in the enthusiastic acceptance by the Irish electorate in general of the single European Act and the far reaching provisions of the Maastricht Treaty. Beneath the imperatives of economics and the dictates of fashion Terry Stewart believes that there lurks '...a desire among Irish people to be part of the movement towards European
