What were the major inherited difficulties that confronted the 2nd Republic in 1931?
What were the major inherited difficulties that confronted the 2nd Republic in 1931? The military rising that started the Spanish Civil War begun on the 18th of July 1936. However, few would argue that the causes of the civil war were uniquely Spanish problems stretching back into the history of the country. The Spain that the Second Republic inherited was quiet unlike much of modern Europe of the period; it was an impoverished, illiterate, divided society, almost feudal in its outlook. At the time the British Foreign Office viewed Spain as a 'third class' country.1 It was this Spain that the Second Republic tried to drag into the Twentieth Century. The elections of June 1931 gave the Second Republic an overwhelming public mandate, elected to the Cortes were 117 Socialists, 59 Radical Socialists, 27 Republican Action Party, 89 Radicals, 27 Right Republicans, 33 Catalan Esquerra and 16 Galician Nationalists. These would all generally vote for the government with only 57 members of the right to oppose them2. Despite the boast of the Socialist Luis Araquistain that 'Spain is a republic of workers of all classes'3; a new generally liberal constitution was created. This new government and constitution, with Alcala Zamora as Prime Minister, attempted to tackle two of the giant reactionary forces of old Spain - the church and the army. The church in Spain in the thirties
People's Republic of China called a Party-state country is famous for its unique political structure.
Introduction People's Republic of China called a Party-state country is famous for its unique political structure. There is a close and interlocking relationship between the state's institution and the Chinese Communist Party's (CCP's); however, theoretically, their structures consist of different parts. Political structure of state is mainly composed of National People's Congress (NPC), Standing Committee of the NPC, the State Council and Provincial People's Congress while that of the CCP are Standing Committee, Politburo, Central Committee and National Party Congress. "The basic structure of political institutions remains the same as that existing prior to the Cultural Revolution (1966-76) in terms of (a) CONTINUED PARTY CONTROL OR MONOPOLY, (b) THE HIERARCHICAL PATTERN, (3) METHODS BY WHICH PARTY CONTROL ARE EXERCISED, AND (4) THE HIGHLY BUREAUCRATIC NATURE OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM." (1) This paper is going to discuss the two main problems of the existing political system in China. Moreover, solutions suggested by the Central Government will be highlighted. Finally, evaluation will also be made. In part (a) Interlocking system of the state and the CCP and part (b) Corruption and Dictatorship of CCP members are going to be discussed. (a) The Interlocking System of the State and the CCP The Chinese Communist Party controls and directs the machinery of state through an
To what extent should Somerset be blamed for the outbreak and the mishandling of the rebellion of 1549.
Using your own knowledge and sources A-F, answer the following ... To what extent should Somerset be blamed for the outbreak and the mishandling of the rebellion of 1549 There were two rebellions in 1549 the first was The Western Rebellion. The reason for this rebellion was mainly down to Religious Policy's, which were directed by Cranmer more than Somerset. The Rebels opposed to the new prayer book, this was in English, and therefore another grievance was that the Cornish could not understand it, parishioners refused this new book of Common Prayer. The rebels called for a return of the six articles, as they were more Catholic than Protestant and disliked the 1st act of Uniformity. The Dissolution of Monasteries was greatly hated as it proved lots of charity for the commons, also the commons wanted to say prayers for the dead, this was not possible now due to the sale of chantries, these lands were then sold to the Gentry, the commons detested this as they believed it should have been common land. The main form of employment was the tin trade, during this period it was paid very poorly. Other economic problems such as 'engrossing farms' hit smaller yeoman farmers (land owners) very hard as they could not compete against the larger farms. During the period Somerset put taxes on Cloth and Sheep, this was a popular trade in the south west and this policy was despised. In 1548
Indonesia Regional Autonomy: Field Experiences and Emerging Challenges.
Indonesia Regional Autonomy: Field Experiences and Emerging Challenges ABSTRACT After more than three decades under a centralized national government, Indonesia decided to implement a new policy of regional autonomy that became effective on January 1st, 2001. This paper examines both the preparations for and the initial implementation of autonomy in the regions, as well as some of the challenges which have emerged during implementation. The paper is based on research conducted in fourteen districts across eleven provinces over to the last two years. This presentation has two areas of focus: first, the internal processes used by local governments to manage their new powers and responsibilities; and second, the extent to which the process of creating public policies under regional autonomy for the regions reflects the spirit of transparency, good governance and democracy. Law No. 22, 1999 on Local Government has devolved central government authorities to local governments in all government administrative sectors, except for security and defense, foreign policy, monetary and fiscal matters, justice, and religious affairs. Consequently, local governments have had to reform their internal structures to accommodate the huge increase in responsibility that has been passed on from the central government. A significant part of this process includes placing a large
Account for the history of the Nationalsit Party in 1948 South Africa.
HI 2121 ESSAY ACCOUNT OF THE ELECTORAL TRIUMPH OF THE NATIONALIST PARTY IN 1948. 948 was a crucial year in the history of South Africa. In May of that year the National Party (NP), leaded by Dr. Daniel F. Malan, won the general elections for the parliament of the Union of South Africa. It was surely a turning point in the history of race relations in South Africa: the election of the Nationalist took racial discrimination one step further that completely wiped out any remaining chance of social improvement for the Blacks; it meant legalising it in every aspect and giving it a new name: Apartheid. The victory of the NP came as a big surprise to many...especially to General Smuts, the leader of the United Party (UP), who had been solidly in charge since its formation in 1933. Smuts was sure of maintaining his leadership of the country, but many whites had changed their opinion and voted for Dr. Malan. The NP was formed in 1939 when General Hertzog went against Smut's pro-Allies policy in the II World War and separated from the UP. Malan took over from Hertzog in 1944 and used his "White South Africa" policies as a platform to win the elections. Also his anti-English war policy and his alliance with Havenga's Afrikaner Party attracted many votes from the Afrikaners, who always had and always would dislike the English. Before the 20th century the importance of the state was
M. Gilbert, The Roots of Appeasement (1966), p. 187. In this extract Gilbert defends the policy of appeasement and breaks with the orthodox view of Cato.
3. M. Gilbert, The Roots of Appeasement (1966), p. 187. In this extract Gilbert defends the policy of appeasement and breaks with the orthodox view of Cato. Gilbert points out that appeasement was a policy that the government had adopted after the First World War and had continued to follow after the Second World War. The notable exception to this rule being Suez, which helps to underline how any other policy would be misguided. Gilbert points out that it is wrong to blame the National Government, though mainly Chamberlain, for the policy of appeasement as it was merely the continuation of a long-term policy. It was an attempt to prevent the mistakes of the past, the First World War, being repeated again. Appeasement would help to correct the mistakes of the Treaty of Versailles, notably legitimate German grievances. It was hoped that through this peace could be achieved in Europe. It is pointed out that it was only through the "aggressive, irresponsible behaviour" that appeasement failed, not through the British government. Gilbert also recognises the "morality" in appeasement, suggesting that it was moral as the government had gone through all avenues to attain peace before going to war. Gilbert's The Roots of Appeasement is an example of how the view of Cato's Guilty Men was finally being challenged by the mid 1960s. This orthodox view had
How far do these sources support the view that the solution to the Irish Question failed due to the obstruction of Irish Nationalists?
How far do these sources support the view that the solution to the Irish Question failed due to the obstruction of Irish Nationalists? Irish agitators had acted deliberately to obstruct, but not to hinder the British administration. Peaceful tactics produced mass support and a hold on the balance of power pushing both Conservatives and Liberals to bid for support via offering concessions. Nevertheless, there was a deep seated undercurrent of mistrust towards the British and although some nationalists aimed to provide an ambiguous solution to the Irish Question, the problem still mutated into an unsolvable entity. The misdeeds of the government prepared the fervent nationalists to radicalize causing politicization. The Irish issue became unsolvable, proceeding to have no bearing on the true social issues of the time. The division of the Fenians and Irish agitators blocked a resolution, as they were incapable of uniting under one strong leadership in a single direction, as many would never be ready to compromise with the government. John Mitchel, the founder of Fenianism set this negativity in motion as his writings in 1868 expressed a stubbornness to accept a British administration and a hatred of non-violent activity. It is obvious from writing, there was a divide between the diplomacy of many such as Parnell who believed in a "more christian and charitable way", and the
How successful were the liberal the conflicts with the House of Lords in 1909?
How successful were the liberal the conflict with the House of Lords in 1909 Liberal had reduced the veto power of House of Lords in legislative program by holding a general election soon after the rejection of "people's" budget in 1909, which is ultimately to redistribute the wealth of the rich such as increasing taxation to higher salary earners, requiring surveys to land for taxation. It is argued that to what extend liberal had succeeded in this impact. Four aspects of Britain was brought to evaluate this, continuing social reform, House of Lords reform, national security enhancement, and resettlement of home rule. In the first place, to bring out a social reform was liberal's primary purpose, and they were successful in the respect of the fact that they had achieved it. Liberal enforced a series of domestic policies so as to bring out a radical reform within society in a sense of founding a welfare state and ascending the national efficiency. This brought back to an idea of state support of individual well-being, and, in turn, demanded a fairly large amount of money to implement. For example, national insurance act in 1911 was to provide a payment of 50p a week for a person who was off work because of illness, and disablement payment was 25p. The old age pension act introduced a non-contributory scheme, providing 25p a week as rights to those over 70. In addition, the
Reform the Home Buying and Selling Process
Reform the Home Buying and Selling Process In order to objectively and critically deal with the task at hand, one has to take all three sources of information available; the two reports from the DETR and the government proposal; and dissect them into smaller units. Done that the next process should involve comparing units of similar subjects to one another, starting at the deficiencies, then comparing the proposals of the government to the consultation paper in order to assess to what degree the government proposal adhere to it, or don´t, i.e., which points are left out of consideration, and finally set it against the flaws of the whole selling and buying process, as documented in the research papers of the DETR. The emphasis that is given from the very beginning is the idea of better preparation by means of acquiring as much information as possible by and for both the buyers and sellers. The first measure discussed; the seller´s information pack, in a very satisfactory manner adheres to the recommendations made by the DETR. Compared to the research results: "...Only 8% of sellers assemble their title deeds before accepting an offer. A similar proportion put an information pack together containing guarantees and any past surveys. Only 2% instruct their solicitors to prepare a draft contract." These flaws could then be abolished, if the seller sticks to the
In what way did the Government try to hide the effect of the Blitz from the British People?
In what way did the Government try to hide the effect of the Blitz from the British People? In September of 1940 the British Government was caught unaware, when Hitler commenced his bombing of Britain's major cities, particularly London, the seat of Government and the countries capital. The Government aware of these problems undertook a damage limitations programme to hide the effect of the Blitz from the public. Censorship and propaganda were the methods they used to achieve this. Newspapers continued to be printed as their absence would have alarmed people, but the Government, who had total control over what was written and photographed, heavily diluted the articles regarding the severity of the Blitz. An article published by the Daily Mirror on September 9th 1940 demonstrated the use of effective language when describing an attack as Londoners " coolly 'patching up' the damaged spots " However then describing retaliation as "'like all hell let loose', the whole of London's defence barrage roared and crashed into action, heralding the return of the raiders". In some cases, the truth was too devastating that stories were never printed. For example the Balham bomb, which broke a water main, resulting in the drowning of 64 people in an underground station only became known after the war. Radio and newsreel information was also heavily censored. Frequently the Pathe News
