Account for the history of the Nationalsit Party in 1948 South Africa.
HI 2121 ESSAY ACCOUNT OF THE ELECTORAL TRIUMPH OF THE NATIONALIST PARTY IN 1948. 948 was a crucial year in the history of South Africa. In May of that year the National Party (NP), leaded by Dr. Daniel F. Malan, won the general elections for the parliament of the Union of South Africa. It was surely a turning point in the history of race relations in South Africa: the election of the Nationalist took racial discrimination one step further that completely wiped out any remaining chance of social improvement for the Blacks; it meant legalising it in every aspect and giving it a new name: Apartheid. The victory of the NP came as a big surprise to many...especially to General Smuts, the leader of the United Party (UP), who had been solidly in charge since its formation in 1933. Smuts was sure of maintaining his leadership of the country, but many whites had changed their opinion and voted for Dr. Malan. The NP was formed in 1939 when General Hertzog went against Smut's pro-Allies policy in the II World War and separated from the UP. Malan took over from Hertzog in 1944 and used his "White South Africa" policies as a platform to win the elections. Also his anti-English war policy and his alliance with Havenga's Afrikaner Party attracted many votes from the Afrikaners, who always had and always would dislike the English. Before the 20th century the importance of the state was
Supreme Court Power (right to privacy)
The Supreme Court is a peculiar organization in American politics. Our representative democratic government specifically reserves substantial authority for a judicial body that is not elected or subject to popular recall. The Supreme Court has substantial authority for a judicial body that is not elected or subject to popular recall and I believe that the Supreme Court has shown time and time again that it has the up-most intentions on using this authority wisely. "Above the west portico of the Supreme Court building are inscribed the words EQUAL JUSTICE UNDER LAW. At the opposite end of the building above the east portico, are the words JUSTICE THE GUARDIAN OF LIBERTY." (Janda, Berry, and Goldman, 2008: 433). The Supreme Court is faced every day with the incredible task of upholding the Constitution and making sure that both justice and freedom are the basis for every decision they make. On average, the Supreme Court only accepts between 110-130 cases a year, that's between 1-2% of all cases proposed to them. Of those 110-130 cases, nearly every one of them has gone through both State and Federal courts to reach the Supreme Court's docket. A case usually makes it to the Supreme Court level because it touches on issues that are not clearly defined in the Constitution and it is up to the Supreme Court to interpret that particular issue in a manner they see best fit
Does the American Political system meet the needs of the American People?
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M. Gilbert, The Roots of Appeasement (1966), p. 187. In this extract Gilbert defends the policy of appeasement and breaks with the orthodox view of Cato.
3. M. Gilbert, The Roots of Appeasement (1966), p. 187. In this extract Gilbert defends the policy of appeasement and breaks with the orthodox view of Cato. Gilbert points out that appeasement was a policy that the government had adopted after the First World War and had continued to follow after the Second World War. The notable exception to this rule being Suez, which helps to underline how any other policy would be misguided. Gilbert points out that it is wrong to blame the National Government, though mainly Chamberlain, for the policy of appeasement as it was merely the continuation of a long-term policy. It was an attempt to prevent the mistakes of the past, the First World War, being repeated again. Appeasement would help to correct the mistakes of the Treaty of Versailles, notably legitimate German grievances. It was hoped that through this peace could be achieved in Europe. It is pointed out that it was only through the "aggressive, irresponsible behaviour" that appeasement failed, not through the British government. Gilbert also recognises the "morality" in appeasement, suggesting that it was moral as the government had gone through all avenues to attain peace before going to war. Gilbert's The Roots of Appeasement is an example of how the view of Cato's Guilty Men was finally being challenged by the mid 1960s. This orthodox view had
How far do these sources support the view that the solution to the Irish Question failed due to the obstruction of Irish Nationalists?
How far do these sources support the view that the solution to the Irish Question failed due to the obstruction of Irish Nationalists? Irish agitators had acted deliberately to obstruct, but not to hinder the British administration. Peaceful tactics produced mass support and a hold on the balance of power pushing both Conservatives and Liberals to bid for support via offering concessions. Nevertheless, there was a deep seated undercurrent of mistrust towards the British and although some nationalists aimed to provide an ambiguous solution to the Irish Question, the problem still mutated into an unsolvable entity. The misdeeds of the government prepared the fervent nationalists to radicalize causing politicization. The Irish issue became unsolvable, proceeding to have no bearing on the true social issues of the time. The division of the Fenians and Irish agitators blocked a resolution, as they were incapable of uniting under one strong leadership in a single direction, as many would never be ready to compromise with the government. John Mitchel, the founder of Fenianism set this negativity in motion as his writings in 1868 expressed a stubbornness to accept a British administration and a hatred of non-violent activity. It is obvious from writing, there was a divide between the diplomacy of many such as Parnell who believed in a "more christian and charitable way", and the
To what extent is it correct to argue that globalisation is a threat to the state and to the unique entity that is the European Union?
To what extent is it correct to argue that globalisation is a threat to the state and to the unique entity that is the European Union? Name: Allistair Short Course: BA Politics and Government Module: PO 2116 Tutor: Peter Anderson To what extent is it correct to argue that globalisation is a threat to the state and to the unique entity that is the European Union? In assessing whether or not globalisation is a threat to the state and unique entity that is the European Union, it is important to define firstly what is meant by the terms globalisation and European Union. It is also important to decide whether or not the European Union is a unique entity and a state. Globalisation has been defined by John Benyon and David Dunkerley as; "the process through which sovereign national states are criss-crossed and undermined by trans-national actors with varying prospects of power, orientations, identities and networks."(1) The European Union has been in existence since the signing of the 1957 Treaty of Rome with six original members of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. The EU has now grown to fifteen member states including the UK and has others including former Eastern Bloc countries such as Poland and the Czech Republic waiting to join. Over the next ten years the EU is expected to expand to twenty-five member states. As to the EU being a unique
In your opinion, how many capitalisms are there in the global system?
When is, according to Clausewitz, a war victoriously concluded? Discuss with reference to contemporary examples. Since the dawn of mankind, wars have been fought. And since the beginning of history, they have been chronicled and analysed. Man has always sought to understand this most destructive of his endeavours. From Tacticus to Liddell-Hart, war has been the focus of many a theoretical study. Carl von Clausewitz was a Prussian officer during and after the wars of the Republic and the Empire and wrote On War, in one way or another, over the course of his adult life. He fought against the French throughout the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, from the early campaigns in Germany in 1793 as a mere child, to acting as Chief-Of-Staff of a Prussian Corps on the allied left in the Waterloo campaign. The new warfare of the French at this time made a profound impression on him and shaped On War. It was finally published after his death in 18321. Victory in war is every soldier's raison d'etre. Yet defining a victory is less simple. Fundamentally, victory can be seen as the fulfilment of one's object in war. So in order to define victory, we must define our aims. In this essay, I shall attempt to show what Clausewitz thought of as victory, or more precisely, what Clausewitz thought of as the nature of the object of war, the fulfilment of which would lead to victory. Clausewitz's
Why are Presidents usually frustrated in seeking particular goals?
Ben Tucker Why are Presidents usually frustrated in seeking particular goals? Presidential powers are very limited in the United States because of the system of 'checks and balances', the three branches of Government are equally powerful and for the president to succeed in achieving his goals he must learn to deal effectively with congress. This can often lead to great frustrations when either party cannot reach an agreement leaving no sign of progress. How the president interprets their role plays and important part in both the success of their presidency and the amount of work they achieve as president. There are two main interpretations of the presidential role, firstly the Constitutional Theory1 which is that the President can only do what the Constitution states and nothing else. This is found in Article two of the Constitution sections two and three which states the powers of the presidency. "The President shall be commander in chief of the army and navy of the United states"2, "He shall have the power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senate Concur"3, "he shall nominate, and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other Offices of the United States"4 and "He shall from time to time give to the Congress
Intelligence does not win wars. It does not shape foreign policy. Intelligence does not operate in a vacuum. But nonetheless, intelligence activities are an inseparable part of the process of the making and application of policies. Discuss.
Intelligence does not win wars. It does not shape foreign policy. Intelligence does not operate in a vacuum. But nonetheless, intelligence activities are an inseparable part of the process of the making and application of policies. Discuss. Intelligence could be simply described as the covert collection and analysis of information. Since knowledge is power, the gathering of information about another's capabilities and intentions is a vital aspect of state behaviour, both internally and externally. It can be open or covert, strategic or non strategic. In all cases, its purpose is to acquire, analyse and appreciate data in order to facilitate policy-making. While the acquisition of confidential information is the prime function of the intelligence community, other roles associated with are, counter-intelligence, which is to prevent others acquiring information on your state, deception, which is to spread disinformation, and covert action which means implicating political warfare or subversion. Intelligence is gathered in two ways, technical and human. Human intelligence primarily refers to espionage and spies, like that are seen in fictional works such as in James Bond. Intelligence is often referred to as the 'missing dimension' of the diplomatic history and international relations. Apart from the very nature of the enterprise, one of the reasons for this is that
How successful were the liberal the conflicts with the House of Lords in 1909?
How successful were the liberal the conflict with the House of Lords in 1909 Liberal had reduced the veto power of House of Lords in legislative program by holding a general election soon after the rejection of "people's" budget in 1909, which is ultimately to redistribute the wealth of the rich such as increasing taxation to higher salary earners, requiring surveys to land for taxation. It is argued that to what extend liberal had succeeded in this impact. Four aspects of Britain was brought to evaluate this, continuing social reform, House of Lords reform, national security enhancement, and resettlement of home rule. In the first place, to bring out a social reform was liberal's primary purpose, and they were successful in the respect of the fact that they had achieved it. Liberal enforced a series of domestic policies so as to bring out a radical reform within society in a sense of founding a welfare state and ascending the national efficiency. This brought back to an idea of state support of individual well-being, and, in turn, demanded a fairly large amount of money to implement. For example, national insurance act in 1911 was to provide a payment of 50p a week for a person who was off work because of illness, and disablement payment was 25p. The old age pension act introduced a non-contributory scheme, providing 25p a week as rights to those over 70. In addition, the
