The Wage Gap
Executive Summary 2 Introduction 3 The Wage Gap 3 Reasons Suggested for the Wage Gap 4 The Human Capital Explanation 5 The Discrimination Explanation 6 Sex Segregation by Occupation 7 Why Does Segregation Depress Women's Relative Wages? 7 Policy Responses 9 Explanations and Remedies 9 Comparable Worth 10 Occupational Desegregation as a Remedy to the Wage Gap? 11 Job Evaluation as a Wage-Setting Mechanism 12 The Economic Effects of Implementing Comparable Worth 15 Comparable Worth's Potential Impact on the Wage Gap 16 Conclusion 18 References 20 Executive Summary Women's participation in the labor market has undergone considerable change in the last few decades, with more than half of all women and half of all married women now in the paid workforce. In addition, starting in the 1980s, the labor market qualifications of employed women increased compared to those of employed men. And, since the 1960s, both legislation and regulations have prohibited discrimination against women in employment and compensation. Although women's pay relative to men's has increased over time so that today women earn more than 70 cents for every dollar earned by men, the persistence of the gender wage gap despite the abovementioned changes has prompted concern in some quarters about the "equity" or "fairness" of the market's wage-setting process. Studies have estimated that perhaps
What are the general Arguments of two main theoretical perspectives on gender inequality V functional analysis and conflict analysis?
To: Dr. Richard Lam Cheung Fm: Group 6 CLASS: SOCIOLOGY 101 SECTION 4 TOPIC What are the general Arguments of two main theoretical perspectives on gender inequality - functional analysis and conflict analysis? If you were a functionalist, what would you say should be done, if any, about gender inequality in Hong Kong? As a conflict theorist, what would you say, if any, should be done in Hong Kong? Explain? Group Members: Student Name Student Nr Lam Wing Leung 020023 Lui Chi Wai 020006 Lee Chung Man 020024 Wong Wing To 020014 Fung Ka Chun 020010 Wong Ka Hong Desmond 020018 Lee Sun wah Hermony 020012 CONTENTS . Introduction 3 Research Problem: 3 Objective: 3 Methodology: 3 Approach: 3 Remarks/Legends: 4 2. General Arguments towards Gender Inequality 5 A. Functionalism 5 B. Conflicts Theory 6 3. Gender Inequality in Hong Kong 8 A. Education 8 B. Employment & Incomes 11 C. Human Rights & Politics 16 4. Ideas for Improving Gender Inequality 18 A. Functionalists 18 B. Conflict Theorists 18 A. Bibliography 19 B. Appendices 20 Appendix 1: List of Executive Councilors in Hong Kong(BTT) 20 Appendix 2: List of Universities in Hong Kong & the Headmasters' Gender(BTT) 20 Appendix 3: List of Legisilative Councillors in Hong Kong(BTT) 21 Appendix 4: Table studied under Thematic Report - Women and Men, Population Census 2001, Hong
LGBT studies. History and future of same sex marriage in the US
Traditionally in this country, marriage has been defined as a religious and legal commitment between a man and woman, as well as a public expression of love and commitment. Homosexuality and, in turn, homosexual relationships are slowly, but surely, gaining acceptance in this country. However, as of yet, these couples have largely been banned from getting married. Some states have bestowed a few of the benefits and rights of marriage to gay couples under the provisions of new forms of commitment called "civil unions", which are essentially marriages without the use of the word "marriage". Many politicians have said they are against gay marriage but think it should be left up to the states to decide. However, the "full faith and credit" clause of the Constitution says that if one state makes a law, other states must recognize it. Thus, if one state allows a gay marriage and that couple moves to another state, the other state must recognize that marriage. This in effect allows one state to make same-sex marriage legal in the entire country. Many politicians are calling for amendments to their state constitution or the U.S. Constitution to explicitly ban gay marriage, and many others have spoken out in support of the legalization of gay marriage. The history of this issue had been long and tumultuous, with many different actions being taken in various areas of the country. Buried
'Literary texts call into question many of our essentialist ideas about gender' (Bennet and Royle). Examine a selection of poems in the light of this comment.
0401077 Modes of Reading Lisa Regan 'Literary texts call into question many of our essentialist ideas about gender' (Bennet and Royle). Examine a selection of poems in the light of this comment. Human history has undoubtedly been male dominated. As a result, our literature too has tended to be male orientated, and while obviously I do not discount the great women writers of the last few hundred years, it is common knowledge that many struggled to publish because of their gender. Writers such as Mary Ann Evans Cross found it necessary to write under a male pseudonym (George Eliot) in order to guarantee publication and a readership. Traditional gender representations and literary theory reflect long-established societal roles: man is in power, head of a patriarchal society, while woman plays the subordinate role. The most essential truth in gender studies is biological: that men have a penis and women do not. From this comes the notion that men are 'strong, active, rational'1 while women are 'weak, passive, irrational'. (ibid.) The pen was seen as an extension of the penis in the power it held, which not only made language and literature patriarchal but phallogocentric, excluding women from the arena of writing. It also affects the way that women are represented in male literature - an historical portrayal is of male as subject and woman as object. Bennett and Royle in
In what ways does gender act as a patterning variable on the activities of production and consumption?
In what ways does gender act as a patterning variable on the activities of production and consumption? Both production and consumption will be examined to ascertain in what ways gender can act as a patterning variable in these two processes. This will involve looking at how Adorno and Horkheimer's theory has been challenged (1979, quoted in Negus, 1997, P. 105). They proposed that in the 'production of culture' goods are 'standardised' and 'mass-produced', resulting in consumers being passive recipients (ibid). First, the discourse of 'corporate culture' (Peters and Waterman, 1982, quoted in Salaman, 1997, P.240) will be outlined. Next how it is used in the service industry will be discussed with reference to flight attendants, the retail trade and hotel industry to see the ways gender works in the activities of production. Also, the system of production, place, age and Foucault's theory (1982, quoted in du Gay, 1997, P.296) on the governing of organisations, will be considered to show how other factors can influence production. Second, consumption will be discussed with reference to Miller's (1988) research on kitchens, followed by the case study of Coca-Cola. Also, 'technological determinism' (Mackenzie and Wajcman, 1985, quoted in Mackay, 1997, P. P. 298-299) will be outlined and how McKenzie et al ((1985, ibid) claim it ignores the 'social processes' in relation
The Figure of the Mannish Lesbian in Nineteenth-Century Sexology
The Figure of the Mannish Lesbian in Nineteenth-Century Sexology Francesca Haack WGSS 110: Intro to LGBTQ Studies Professor Christine Rose April 23, 2006 Introduction and Historical Background In the nineteenth century, the concept of the lesbian as a "figure" surfaced. That is, the term "lesbian" came to signify a certain portion of the population adhering to a regiment of attributes and classifications. Scientists combined the fields of medical, sexual, and psychological study to create sexology. These self-proclaimed "experts" studied lesbians and produced the notion of female homosexuality. It was the combination of the emerging field of sexology and previous thoughts on female-female relationships that created the figure of the "mannish lesbian" in the United States and Europe in the nineteenth century. While it was not until the nineteenth century that the mannish lesbian emerged as a figure, female same-sex desire was present and appears to have been even somewhat prevalent in U.S. and British culture. Interestingly, it was neither illegal nor particularly looked down upon. Though not unanimously endorsed, female homosexual relationships, sexual or not, were seen as a phase that many women went through in the process of maturation. As one man said, "we all know the sort of romantic, almost hysterical friendships that are made between young women."1
Theories of how gender may influence music have developed from traditional notions of female creativity being aesthetically inferior, to feminist readings, which actively search for and celebrate any trace of the female in musical form, subject or gest...
Theories of how gender may influence music have developed from traditional notions of female creativity being aesthetically inferior, to feminist readings, which actively search for and celebrate any trace of the female in musical form, subject or gesture. With reference to the key theorists, explore the contemporary debate on gender and musical meaning. Men would not have insisted that creativity is a male prerogative unless men were afraid that women's creations would be taken seriously.1 While sex is a biological given, gender and sexuality are culturally and socially constructed. It is important to distinguish between the terms 'sex' and 'gender' as theories of sex, gender and sexual difference constitute the theoretical background to feminist study. Feminist study is not simply the promotion of women as superior to men, or even the appeal to be treated on strictly equal terms, but an appeal for inclusivity and mutual understanding. Feminist study explores the interrelations between gender and other categories of Western socio-cultural differentiation, for example ethnicity, race, sexual orientation. The arts were traditionally perceived as 'feminine' areas of interest. Therefore, it was seen, there were and are no socially constructed barriers to prevent women becoming musicians. The conclusion was that women are essentially incapable of being artists of the highest
The life and works of Sigmund Freud.
Freud Sigmund Freud was the first of six children to be born into his middle class, Jewish family. His father was a wool merchant, and was the provider for the family. From the time Freud was a child, he pondered theories in math, science, and philosophy, but in his teens, he took a deep interest in what he later called psychoanalysis. He wanted to discover how a person's mind works, so he began to explore the conscious and unconscious parts of one's psyche. Freud's parents and siblings were directly involved in allowing him to pursue this unexplored area of psychology. He was given his own room so that he could study his books in silence, and was only disturbed when it was time to eat. Freud eventually married Martha Bernays. She was cooperative and completely subservient to her husband. She was simply filling a role that the society during that time insisted was proper for all women. Freud himself derived his attitudes toward women and his beliefs about the roles of individual sexes from personal experiences in the strict culture of the time. In the middle to late eighteen hundreds, Central European society distinguished clearly between the roles of men and women. Cultural norms dictated that men be responsible for work outside of the home, and the financial well being of the family, while the women's responsibilities were in the home and with the children. With these
Can a man ever truly be a feminist ?
Transfer-Encoding: chunked Q – Can a man ever truly be a feminist? Abtract With feminism being an ever present issue in today’s society, this project aims to analyse male reception and resistance to feminism in order establish to what extent men can be involved with it. To do this, facilitating as well and hindering factors have also been examined. Many feminist authors and critics have been utilised in order to answer whether men can ever call themselves feminists. It has therefore also been vital to consult the stances of anti-feminist groups so as to ensure a balanced look at the issue. Extensive research was also carried out into the psychology of ambivalent sexism as well as that of anti-feminism, with a look at the role of masculinity. Finally, integrative movements such as the recent He for She campaign have been considered for its work in engaging men in feminism. Introduction There are many ideas behind the actual theory of feminism and this therefore divides feminists into three main schools of thought regarding the subject these include; Radical, Marxist and Liberal Feminism, all of which agree on one thing which is the advocacy of women's rights in economic, social and domestic settings. The idea is therefore to place women at the same position that men have allegedly held for centuries thus promoting equality Feminism It is widely agreed
Gender Differences in Attitudes towards Sexual Infidelity
Gender Differences in Attitudes towards Sexual Infidelity Rajat Passy Liverpool Hope University College Hope Park Liverpool, L16 9JD Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT A questionnaire-based study was carried out to determine whether there is a relationship between gender and attitude type, (positive or negative), towards sexual infidelity. Gender differences in attitudes were observed and measured using a Likert scale. Following an evolutionary model (Buss, 1992), it was hypothesized that males would have a more positive attitude towards infidelity when placed in the position of the perpetrator of the infidelity whereas females would have a more negative attitude towards sexual infidelity. Findings were consistent with evolutionary hypotheses. Males scored more positively (n=30, M=26.93, SD = 7.34) than females (n=30, M=17.93, SD = 5.31). An independent samples t-test resulted in a statistically significant difference between the two samples of gender (t = 5.439, DF = 58, p < 0.001). A discrepancy was identified as men; although they feel more distressed by their mate's sexual infidelity than emotional infidelity, are more permissive of sexual infidelity when placed in the position of the perpetrator. Implications and limitations of the present findings are discussed. Contents . Introduction .................... Page 3 2. Method .................... Page