Manipulating the Personal Journeys of Identity: Westernization and the Ottoman and Republican understandings of gender in Turkey.
MANIPULATING THE PERSONAL JOURNEYS OF IDENTITY: WESTERNIZATION AND THE OTTOMAN AND REPUBLICAN UNDERSTANDINGS OF GENDER IN TURKEY A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Communication, Culture, and Technology By Deniz Oktem, B.A. Washington, DC April 19, 2002 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction.........................................................................1 Chapter I...........................................................................18 Chapter II..........................................................................27 Chapter III.........................................................................46 Chapter IV.........................................................................83 Chapter V........................................................................110 Conclusion.......................................................................132 Works Cited.....................................................................148 Introduction Western-oriented modernism has greatly affected the formation of individual identities and gender relations around the world. This paper will focus on the construction of identity, gender and gender relations within the discourse of Westernization
Perceptions of wrongful convictions amongst Americans working in the criminal justice system.
ABSTRACT During the past several years the issue of wrongful conviction has received increasing attention from state legislators, the legal system, and researchers. Much of this attention has focused on death penalty convictions which have been set aside. As of February, 2003, postconviction DNA testing in the United States had led to the exoneration of 123 wrongfully-convicted individuals. To date, it is unknown how frequently wrongful conviction occurs in the United States. Also unknown is how frequently systemic errors occur which previous research has identified as being associated with the phenomenon wrongful conviction. The present research sought to address this deficiency of knowledge by asking professionals who work in the criminal justice system their perceptions regarding these issues. A 53-item survey questionnaire was administered to four groups of Ohio criminal justice professionals: law enforcement (sheriffs and chiefs of police), prosecutors (chief and assistant), defense attorneys (private and public defenders), and judges (common pleas, appellate, and Supreme Court). The 798 respondents indicate they believe wrongful conviction occurs in 1 to 3 percent of all felony convictions. With more than 2,000,000 individuals incarcerated in the nation’s prisons and jails, this error rate would signify that between 20,000 and 60,000 individuals are
This evaluation study will thoroughly study factors that influence teen pregnancy and parenting on the educational advancement of a girl child in Buea-Cameroon.
Problem statement The numerous technological advancements in the field of healthcare and social sciences are providing new and improved procedures to treat pregnant adolescents and teenage mothers; but still many of these patients are left wanting and disappointed from the educational and healthcare system. Both depression and low self-esteem have been linked to lower levels of educational advancements amongst these adolescents. This evaluation study will thoroughly study factors that influence teen pregnancy and parenting on the educational advancement of a girl child in Buea-Cameroon. Background of the study In the past 3 decades, there has been an ever increasing interest in the link between lower educational advancements and teenage mothers and adolescents who get pregnant. Numerous studies have confirmed that the higher the levels of teenage pregnancy is directly linked to higher levels of educational abandonment (Aneshensel and Huba, 1983; Braucht et al., 1973; Kaminer, 1991; Kaplan et al., 1980; Kaplan et al., 1984; Kennedy et al., 1987; Paton et al., 1977; Reinherz et al., 1991; Robins and Przybeck, 1985; Shiffman and Wills, 1985; Simons et al., 1991). This level of consistency has led many researchers to believe that there is a definite and interdependent relation
Why Is the Middle East a Conflict Area?
Why Is the Middle East a Conflict Area? Over the last hundred years, the Middle East has been one of the most troubled regions in the world. According to the Economist, "With barely an exception, [the Arab world's] autocratic rulers, whether presidents or kings, give up their authority only when they die; its elections are a sick joke; half its people are treated as lesser legal and economic beings, and more than half its young, burdened by joblessness and stifled by conservative religious tradition, are said to want to get out of the place as soon as they can." However, at one time, the Middle East eclipsed the West in intellectual, scientific, and literary achievements. To examine what factors contribute to the Middle East's present circumstances, a team of scholars, headed by Egyptian sociologist Nader Fergany, published the Arab Human Development Report 2002, an analysis of the Arab world's strengths and weaknesses. The study found three key attributes for success in the modern world that the Arab community lacks: freedom, knowledge, and womanpower. According to the study, the absence of freedom is most visible in the region's absolute autocracies, sham elections, and restrictions on the media and on civil society. The authors contend that "the [global] wave of democracy that transformed governance . . . in the 1980s and early 1990s has barely reached the Arab states."
Sovereignty, opinion and revolution in Edmund Burke.
History of European Ideas 25 (1999) 99}120 Sovereignty, opinion and revolution in Edmund Burke Richard Bourke* Department of English, Queen Mary and Westxeld College, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK . Introduction Edmund Burke's involvement in the politics of empire during the mid-1760s obliged him to confront the practical signi"cance of the doctrine of sovereignty at the very outset of his parliamentary career. This confrontation was to recur throughout his published writings over the next 30 years. It took the form of a sustained attempt to elucidate the relationship between liberty and authority both in Britain and between it and the extended empire [1]. The defence of liberty as it appears in Burke's commentaries on the American crisis, on Ireland and on the Indian sub-continent had been a defence of moderate government. There was a connection in his mind between moderation in government and the security of property in modern states, but ultimately moderation implied a kind of commerce and compatibility between the designs of rulers and the aspirations of the ruled. It had always, however, been part of Burke's case that moderate government had to be founded on an absolute and uni"ed sovereignty. As he put it in 1765, the &unlimited Nature of the supreme legislative authority' was &very clear and very undeniable' [2]. Supremacy implied that ultimate
A Study of Nationalism and its relevance in Muslim States.
TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 NATIONALISM 2 THE BASIC CONCEPT OF NATION 2 BIRTH OF THE CONCEPT OF "NATION" DURING THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 4 COMMON LANGUAGE 4 COMMON CULTURE 4 COMMON HISTORY 5 COMMON RELIGION 5 THE BASIC CONCEPT OF NATIONALISM 5 NATIONALISM A DISTINCT IDEOLOGY 6 TYPES OF NATIONALISM 7 CIVIC NATIONALISM 8 ETHNIC NATIONALISM 8 IRREDENTISM 9 EXPANSIONIST NATIONALISM 9 RADICAL OR REVOLUTIONARY NATIONALISM 9 FASCISM 9 STATELESS NATIONALISM 9 ETHNOCENTRISM 11 ORIGIN OF NATIONALISM 11 THIRD WORLD NATIONALISM 14 CULTURAL NATIONALISM 24 EUROPEAN NATIONALISM " ENGLISH PURITANISM AND NATIONALISM 25 EUROPEAN NATIONALISM " FRENCH NATIONALISM 26 European Nationalism " The 1848 Revolutionary Wave 27 ASIAN AND AFRICAN NATIONALISM 29 Asian and African Nationalism " The New Nations 30 ASIAN AND AFRICAN NATIONALISM " POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS DIFFERENCES 31 NATIONALISM IN WORLD WAR I 32 TWO KINDS OF NATIONALISM 32 NATIONALISM IN GERMANY 33 NATIONALISM IN ITALY 33 NATIONALISM IN AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 33 NATIONALISM IN RUSSIA 34 NATIONALISM IN FRANCE 34 NATIONALISM IN BRITAIN 34 CAN NATIONALISM SOLVE THE CHALLENGES FACING PAKISTAN? 35 THE PROHIBITION OF NATIONALISM 36 NATIONALISM WITH ITS POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ASPECTS 37 TYPE OF NATIONALISM BRINGING ABOUT SOLIDARITY 39 NATIONALISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA DEVELOPED FROM THREE SOURCES 42 INDIGENOUS
What is Globalisation?
Sociology Essay Level 2 Introduction What is Globalisation? Economic globalisation is, in a sense, the strengthening of the position of capitalism as the prevailing structure of production in contemporary history According to Walters, globalisation is a 'social process in which the constraints of geography on social and cultural arrangements recede and in which people become increasingly aware that they are receding.' It refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly through trade and financial flows. The term 'Globalisation' has come into common usage since the 1980s, reflecting technological advances that have made it easier and quicker to complete international transactions-both trade and financial flows. It refers to an extension beyond national borders of the same market forces that have operated for centuries at all levels of human economic activity-village markets, urban industries, or financial centres. There are various forms of Globalisation: As Sir David Henderson explains in one of his most recent publications, "The Changing Fortunes of Economic Liberalism", globalisation in its simplest form can be defined as "free trade and free movement of capital and labour around the world" (Sir David Henderson). Thus broadly speaking, globalisation is the process by which economic barriers are broken down between different geographic
2nd Draft Dissertation - The invasion of Afghanistan, The Iraq conflict, and The dubious legality of Guantanamo bay.
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION i) Abstract -Page 2 ii) Is This A Real War? - Page 4 CHAPTER 1 - THE INVASION OF AFGHANISTAN i) The Security Council Resolutions - Page 7 ii) The Use of Force under the United Nations Charter - Page 9 iii) Customary International Law and the Right of Self Defence - Page 13 iv) Does The Afghanistan War Conform To The Caroline Formula? - Page 15 CHAPTER 2: THE IRAQ CONFLICT i) Self Defence - Page 21 ii) Humanitarian Intervention - Page 23 iii) The Breach of UN Resolutions - Page 25 CHAPTER 3:THE DUBIOUS LEGALITY OF GUANTÁNAMO BAY i) "Law Amid The Clash Of Arms" - Page 31 ii) International Conventions - Page 34 iii) Constitutional Issues - Page 38 iv) What Alternatives Are There? - Page 42 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSIONS i) The United States and International Law - Page 44 ii) Alterative Methods to Deal With Terrorism -Page 45 a) Exhaustion of Diplomatic and Peaceful Remedies - Page 46 b) Collective and Multilateral Action - Page 46 c) The Charter Post-9/11 - Page 47 d) Inter-State Co-operation - Page 48 APPENDICES a) List of Treaties Used In Text - Page 51 b) List of Statutes Used In Text - Page 51 c) List of Cases Used In Text - Page 51 d) List of Abbreviations Used In Text - Page 53 e) List of Websites Used - Page 53 f) Bibliography - Page 54 INTRODUCTION i) Abstract "Sovereign capacity is incapable of legal limitation" - John
Should the United States Get Involved with Problems in the Middle East?
Q. Should the United States Get Involved with Problems in the Middle East? The United States sends Israel about $3 billion in financial and military aid every year. Most Americans--60 to 70 percent--approve of U.S. support of Israel. Others argue that this foreign aid intensifies the tension between the United States and Arab countries, who believe that Israel should withdraw from territories that rightfully belong to Palestinians. Indeed, terrorist Osama bin Laden, who masterminded the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on America, cites U.S. support of Israel as a major reason why many Arabs resent the United States. In light of this hostility, many Americans wonder why the United States continues its support of Israel. Stephen Zunes, the Middle East editor of Foreign Policy in Focus, contends that the United States supports Israel to further its own interests in the Middle East. According to Zunes, since its inception in 1948, Israel has proven a useful ally to the United States, especially during the Cold War. For instance, Israel's powerful military, the strongest in the region, keeps potential enemies of the United States--such as Syria, a Soviet ally during the Cold War--under control. In addition, Israel's numerous wars provided battlefield testing of American arms, often against Soviet weapons. Furthermore, Israel's intelligence department has helped U.S.
A Critique of New Social Movement Theory.
A Critique of New Social Movement Theory There appears to be a high level of consensus among European students of social movements about trends in the recent past. Two parallel and opposed developments have occurred. On one hand, labour movements, concerned to improve workers' material conditions, have declined in significance. On the other hand, new social movements, concerned with such oppressions as those around gender, sexuality and race and with such pathologies of modernity as militarism and environmental degradation, have become more important. This consensus, which began to emerge in the early 1980s, was not accidental. That period witnessed the rapid growth of peace movements, and the increasing prominence of the Green movement in West Germany and elsewhere. Around the same time most of the advanced economies of Europe, North America, and Japan experienced significant declines in levels of strike action. Reflecting on these dual and opposing trends, social movement theorists sought explanations to encompass both developments. Why were New Social Movements (NSMs) becoming more important while labour movements were declining? Out of their reflections, in an intellectual context marked by a discrediting of traditional Marxism, there appeared a paradigmatic account, which this article critically reviews. The Paradigm At the risk of over-simplification, there
