According to Andrews (1999), Sir Edward Tylor a British Anthropologist, is credited with defining the term 'culture'
According to Andrews (1999), Sir Edward Tylor a British Anthropologist, is credited with defining the term 'culture'. Andrews (1999) explains culture as representing a way of perceiving, behaving and evaluating the world. It refers to the complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, custom, politics, technologies and any other capabilities or habits acquired by people as members of a society; including those pertaining to health and illness. The term 'transcultural nursing' was coined by Dr Madeleine M Leininger in the mid 1950s. It was only in the 1970s that the theory began to attract more widespread interest and concept development. It remains a relatively new area of study in the United Kingdom (UK). Transcultural nursing is a term used to describe a speciality within nursing focussed on the comparative study of different cultures and subcultures, which are examined in respect of their health and illness values, caring behaviour and beliefs. According to Andrews (1999), 'the goal of transcultural nursing is to develop a scientific and humanistic body of knowledge in order to provide 'culture-specific' and 'culture-universal' nursing care practices'. Leininger (1991) defines 'culture-specific' as values, beliefs and behaviours unique to a particular cultural group and 'culture-universal' refers to commonly shared values that are similarly held
In 1997 when the current Government was elected into power one of their aims was to tackle the inequalities that existed within health and social care.
In 1997 when the current Government was elected into power one of their aims was to tackle the inequalities that existed within health and social care. Since then we have seen the publication of many policy documents which planned the way forward for health care, particularly in the way that care is delivered. Modern and Dependable (DOH, 1997), set out ways for national improvement in healthcare. Modernising Mental health Services (DOH, 1998a), set out the way on which mental health services would deliver care in the future. Safe, Sound and Supportive (DOH, 1998b), emphasized the involvement of service users in the planning and the delivery of care, offering choices and promoting independence for individuals. The National Service Framework for Mental Health (DOH, 1999), represented the first set of national standards for mental health, frameworks of how these standards would be achieved, standards which were based on up to date evidence of how to achieve the best possible care. It would be fair to say that all these policies were working towards social inclusion and better care for those with mental health problems. However the same Government is now proposing changes within the Draft Mental Health Bill for England and Wales (DOH, 2002) which have serious implications for the human rights of those same individuals. The Governments intentions throughout the policies
MSc/ Postgraduate Diploma in Forensic Mental Health Studies
The University of Birmingham MSc and Postgraduate Diploma in Forensic Mental Health Care Course Director Dr M. Humphreys Module 3. Assignment - The Courts and the Law. Section (s136) of the Mental Health Act '83 the impact on those individuals arrested by the Police. Date Due In - 13 June 2005 Word Count -4000 Student Number-663483 CONTENTS Introduction Pg3 Statement of the Law and criteria for detention Pg3-4 The Nominated Place of Safety Pg4 Individual professional roles- Pg4-8 The Police The Doctor The ASW Nursing Staff Statistical evidence Pg8 Management of aggressive behaviour and risk assessments Pg8-10 Factors, which need to be considered when, determining the outcome of the assessment and decision making process and follow up responsibilities Pg8-10 Information leaflets for service users on rights and procedures Pg10 Conclusion and recommendations to improve future practice Pg10 REFERENCES AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED. Pg 10-14 Section 136 of the Mental Health Act '83 the impact on those individuals arrested by the police. Introduction This assignment will critically analyse a group of mentally disordered offenders, in the context of the relationship between mental health and legal provisions for care under the Mental health Act of 1983 Section 136. The layout for this assignment will be broken down into sub
Infant Hearing Screening - Reflection
Infant Hearing Screening The aim of this assignment is to examine the benefits of infant hearing screening tests and to look at initiatives set up through the child Health Surveillance programme. It will demonstrate how the infant hearing screening tests are incorporated into the general health promotion programme targeted at children and carers and evaluate how effective it is in a community setting. The specific case that will be examined in this assignment will include twenty two month old twins who were originally assessed by their Health Visitor at eight months of age and were referred to an Audiologist for a hearing test. Following two non-attendances at the Audiologist department, the Health Visitor, using the Schedule of Growing Skills (SOGS), again assessed the twins at twenty-two months old. The twins scored extremely low in most areas including Hearing and Language skills and the Health Visitor again referred the twins to an audiologist for hearing tests. The author will look at how these tests are performed and the outcome of these tests more closely in this assignment. The Children's National Service Framework (NSF) (1998) was initially a ten-year programme set up by the government to improve the health and well being of children from birth to nineteen years. The UK Child Health Surveillance programme has now been replaced with the Child Health Promotion
Malawi report on development
Table of Contents .0 Introduction 1 2.0 Methodology 4 3.0 Section One 5 3.1 Development Indicators 6 3.2 Statistical Analysis 10 3.3 Summary 12 4.0 Section Two 13 4.1 Criteria Identification 14 4.1.1 Health 14 4.2 Government Strategies, Evaluation and Recommendations 15 5.0 Conclusion 20 6.0 List of References 21 7.0 Appendix 23 List of Figures and Tables Figure 1: Map of the World highlighting Malawi and the United Kingdom 2 Figure 2: Map of Malawi 3 Figure 3: Graph of Gross Domestic Product per capita for Malawi and the United Kingdom 8 Figure 4: Graph of Infant Mortality for Malawi and the United Kingdom 8 Figure 5: Graph of Life Expectancy for Malawi and the United Kingdom 9 Figure 6: Graph of Literacy Rate for Malawi and the United Kingdom 9 Table 1: Comparison of Development Figures between Malawi and United Kingdom 6 Table 2: Summary of Government Health Strategies, Evaluation and Recommendations 15 .0 Introduction The majority of the world's population is concentrated into periphery countries throughout Africa, Asia and South America. These countries suffer from poverty, lack of health and education and social issues. The Republic of Malawi is a small periphery country of southeastern Africa, surrounded by Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia. Malawi is landlocked but lies directly on Lake Malawi, which plays a crucial role in the lives of Malawians
Airway Handout
MANAGEMENT OF THE AIRWAY CONTENTS Introduction Page: 2 Cause of airway obstruction Page: 2 Recognition of airway obstruction Page: 3 Opening the airway using basic techniques Page: 4 Head tilt and chin lift Page: 4 Jaw thrust Page: 5 Adjuncts to basic techniques Page: 6 Pharyngeal airways Page: 6 Oropharyngeal airways Page: 6 Nasopharyngeal airways Page: 7 Ventilatory support Page: 9 Technique using facemask ventilation Page: 9 Advanced technique's of airway management Page: 10 Tracheal intubation Page: 10 Essential equipment for intubation Page: 11 Technique of orotracheal intubation Page: 12 Potential problems during tracheal intubation: Page: 15 Aids to intubation Page: 17 Advanced ventilation techniques Page: 18 Self - inflating bag Page: 18 Mappleson "c" circuit Page: 19 Mechanical ventilation Page: 20 Laryngeal mask airway Page: 21 Needle Cricothyroidotomy Page: 21 Summary Page: 23 MANAGEMENT OF THE AIRWAY INTRODUCTION Patients requiring resuscitation may have an obstructed airway, either as the cause or as result of their loss of consciousness. Prompt assessment, control of the airway and establishment of ventilation are essential throughout resuscitation in order to
Long Term Healthcare Industry
Long Term Healthcare Industry In order the cut the increasing healthcare costs, hospitals are working on the decrease of patients' stays at hospitals. As a consequence, the number of outpatient procedures and home nursing is increasing considerable as they avoid many of the costs associated with facility-based care, so they are much cheaper. * Home care accounts for over $40bn of the $1.3 trillion healthcare industry. (National Center for Health Statistics, 2002) * The home health agency industry struggled after the Balanced Budget Act in 1997 in the US, under the interim payment system. But the new prospective payment system, appears to be a great improvement and has encouraged providers to streamline operations and efficiently deliver services, offering high opportunities for key players in the long term healthcare market. (CMS, 2002) * Healthcare reforms throughout Europe over the last decade have resulted in a decline in average in-patient stay time and a decline in the number of hospital beds, leading to a shift away from the traditional hospital setting towards alternative care sites, such as long stay environments and the patient's home. (Frost & Sullivan, December 2001) * Medtrade 2002, addressed to the home healthcare industry (the biggest in this sector) had some 1,000 exhibitors and nearly 21,000 attendants. Key main trends are: . Demographics: Over 65 years
Health promotion is an important element of the government's health agenda. Critically discuss this statement with specific reference to the contribution of the occupational health nurse.
Health promotion is an important element of the government's health agenda. Critically discuss this statement with specific reference to the contribution of the occupational health nurse. Health promotion is an important element of the government's health agenda. On forming a new government New Labour set public health policies in line with it's health agenda. Out of this rose a new white paper Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation, which sets ambitious targets for life expectancy to be increased, and inequalities in health to be reduced. The Labour Government plan to achieve this through it's public health policy in a "third way" (Connelly 1999). Labour's policies are aimed at strengthening communities, and encouraging individuals to seize opportunities and take responsibility for their action. This essay will demonstrate how the Government hopes to address improving the health of individuals and reducing health inequalities through health promotion and how occupational health nurses will contribute. Firstly the issue of what health is and what health means to different individuals will be discussed. Once health has been defined the area of health promotion will be looked at, paying particular reference to the different theories and models of health promotion and looking at those that are relevant to the field of occupational health. Only then will the health agenda, and the
Literature Review and Case study on CBT
Assignment 2 - Literature Review and Case study on CBT Literature Review Major Diagnosis: DSM-IV-TR (2000): Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder). According to the DSM-IV-TR (2000, p. 450) "The essential feature of Social Phobia is a marked and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur." In a situation where the adolescent has social phobia, exposure to a social situation will provoke an immediate anxiety response, sweating, palpitations, and/or panic attack. Further to this the DSM-IV-TR (2000, p.450) also stipulates that a diagnosis of Social Phobia is "appropriate only if the avoidance, fear or anxious anticipation of encountering the social situation" interferes significantly with the person's social or occupational functioning. Symptoms must have persisted for at least six months, before diagnosis and the presentation cannot be better accounted for by other disorders. . In order to confirm the psychopathology of adolescent social phobia, Beidel, Turner, Young, Ammerman, Floyd and Crosby(2007) carried out a clinical study on sixty-three adolescents with social phobia and compared them to a control group of forty three adolescents with no psychiatric disorders and established that while "clinically impairing social fear" was a common element for the group with social phobia, they also experienced "higher levels of
The aim of this literature review is to critically analyse and synthesise relevant studies pertinent to the quality and standards of the current protocols on Preoperative fasting for elective surgical patients
Module – SHN 3017 Preoperative Fasting Cohort – M10 Group B2 Student Number – 558211 Personal Tutor – Megan Rosser Submission Date – 16/07/2012 Word Count – 3824 ________________ Contents Introduction 3-4 Rationale 4-5 Research strategy 5-6 Themes Identified 6-15 Conclusion 15-16 Reference list 17-21 Introduction The aim of this literature review is to critically analyse and synthesise relevant studies pertinent to the quality and standards of the current protocols on Pre-operative fasting for elective surgical patients. Whilst the introduction offers a brief synopsis of a literature review, it also comprises of the methodology, and provides a rationale, research strategies and critically analyses all relevant research within the main body, finally it will conclude all the literature and outline implications for change which will then lead on to form the basis for the management of change assignment in module eight. Parahoo (2006) suggests that a literature review should detail the time frame within which the literature was selected, as well as the methods used to evaluate and synthesize findings of the studies in question. This consequently allows us to
