Variability and relative stability of oxidation states
Matt Carruthers Variability and relative stability of oxidation states In this essay the concentration will be on the oxidation states of the transition metals rather than the entire periodic table. An oxidation state is a number assigned to an element in a compound according to some rules. This number enables us to describe oxidation-reduction reactions, and balancing redox chemical reactions. Compared to Group II elements such as calcium, transition elements form ions with a wide variety of oxidation states. Calcium ions typically don't lose more than two electrons, whereas transition metals can lose up to nine. The energies required to remove electrons from calcium are low until you try to remove electrons from below its outer two s orbitals. In fact Ca3+ has an ionisation enthalpy so high that it rarely occurs naturally. However a transition element like vanadium has roughly linear increasing ionisation enthalpies throughout its s and d orbitals, due to the close energy difference between the 3d and 4s orbitals. Transition metal ions are therefore commonly found in very high states. Certain patterns can be seen to emerge across the period of transition elements: The number of oxidation states of each ion increases up to Mn, after which they start to drop. This drop is due to the stronger pull from the protons in the nucleus towards the electrons, making them
Heterosporous Plants
Heterosporous
Illustrating your answer with case law, assess the extent to which the exercise of the Royal Prerogative is controlled by the courts. Should the exercise of the royal prerogative be subject to more stringent control by parliament or the courts?
Illustrating your answer with case law, assess the extent to which the exercise of the Royal Prerogative is controlled by the courts. Should the exercise of the royal prerogative be subject to more stringent control by parliament or the courts? In this essay I will be examining how far the Royal Prerogative is controlled by the courts after it has been exercised by the executive. I will then discuss whether the prerogative should be controlled by the courts or parliament, and how strict this should be. The royal prerogatives are powers and privileges recognized in common law as belonging to the Crown sometimes referred to as residuary discretionary powers. However, most prerogative acts are performed by the government of the day in the name of the crown. As by prerogative the Crown is immune from prosecution Certain prerogatives are only performed by the crown on the prime minister's advice, such as the dissolution of parliament. Some prerogatives such as powers to appoint and award honours are performed by the Crown, who will also conduct the relevant ceremonies, but decisions as to who will be honoured are made on the advice given by the government. Both Dicey and Blackstone tried to give their interpretation of a prerogative. Dicey argued that, 'an act that can be performed lawfully without an Act of Parliament, is done in virtue of this prerogative'. Blackstone's
Unpicking the monstrous: A Psychoanalytic and Marxist analysis of Alien.
Contents Title Page: Page 2 Analysis: Pages 3-12 Conclusion: Pages 12-13 Bibliography: Page 14 Name: Liam Stott English and Film & Media Studies Level Two Unit Title: FS299 - Critical Approaches to Media Research Unit Tutor: Marc O' Day Course Leaders: Marc O' Day/Melanie Selfe Assignment 2: Negotiated Essay 'Unpicking the monstrous: A Psychoanalytic and Marxist analysis of Alien.' Barbara Creed states that the convergence of psychoanalysis and cinema studies initiated at the end of the nineteenth century. Since the 1900s, psychoanalysis has endured a complicated history because of its elusive concepts and theoretical influences, particularly in post-1970s psychoanalytic film theory. Throughout the 1970s, psychoanalysis informed and contributed to other cinematic critical approaches such as post-colonial theory, queer theory, feminist film theory and body theory (Creed in Hill and Gibson, 2000: 75-77). Alien (dir. Ridley Scott, 1979) is a significantly psychoanalytic film, symbolically underpinned by a range of psychoanalytic notions such as sexuality, the unconscious, phallicised, primal phantasies (Lebeau, 2001: 7), the woman as an actively sadistic monster and the cinematic voyeuristic male gaze at the expense of female sexual objectification (Taylor in Jancovich and Hollows, 1995: 151). However, Alien cannot only be interpreted through the critical approach
Did the Suez Crisis hasten the end of the British Empire?
Did the Suez Crisis hasten the end of the British Empire? The Suez crisis did not hasten the end of the British Empire; it was more of an effect rather than cause of decline. Carlton argues that since Britain only had an average sized population and the corresponding economic strength her overseas territories had caused her to overstretch and over-commit herself from the end of the First World War. Hence one can argue that retreat from empire and fall from her position as a global superpower to that of a medium global power by the 1980s was inevitable and unavoidable. 'Suez, on this view, was a rather dramatic hiccup in a generally well managed transition.'1 This is the point of view that I would agree with when considering the affect of the Suez crisis. However, one must also acknowledge that for some Suez did hasten the end of the British Empire and it was a watershed marking a significant change in direction in Britain's imperial foreign policy. This viewpoint must also be discussed and evaluated. Moving away from just focusing on the effects of Suez one must also discuss the other factors and causes of decolonisation, including the established nationalist, international and metropolitan explanations and how they were represented in the Suez crisis. Firstly I will look at the arguments supporting the opinion that Suez did hasten the end of the British Empire to which
Still Frame Analysis : American Gangster. The dominant in this frame is Denzel Washington. The eye is attracted to his character first as he is centered on the screen and is in sharper focus
Still Frame Analysis: . Dominant: The dominant in this frame is Denzel Washington. The eye is attracted to his character first as he is centered on the screen and is in sharper focus than the other characters and objects on screen. Lighting also makes Washington the dominant as a shaft of light highlights him while causing the other characters in the shot to be darkened by shadow. 2. Lighting Key: Low key lighting. There is detail within the shadows. 3. Shot and camera proxemics: Medium Shot. The camera is close to the nearest characters within the shot, but the focus of the shot is on Washington, who is further away. 4. Angle: Eye-level shot. The subjects are all seated, and the camera is placed as though the audience was seated in the same room, eyes at the same level as the characters. It is not highly dramatic from an Angle sense. From the angle alone, no power relationship is being suggested. 5. Color values: The scene is set in a lounge of some sort. Color is not really used for symbolism here. All four characters are Black Americans. The two males closest to the camera are not illuminated enough to see the color of their outfits. Washington is dressed in dull colours (black, brown, grey). The set is also very dull. The female character has red hair, and red and purple clothing, which, is the the only colour contrast. Perhaps this is just to symbolize her
UK Copyright and File Sharing
UK Legislation and File Sharing Published in a computer related journal assuming basic computer knowledge. Shonak Nathwani Figure 1: Lord Mandelson and the Digital Britain Bill (Online) Abstract The problem of file sharing is widespread across the world, with creative industries seeking to put an end to the illegal sharing of their content. The issue facing industries is trying to recover their lost revenue - but this cannot be done without government intervention. The vast number of people who violate current legislation poses a significant problem for the government to try and resolve. This article explains the history of how file sharing changed the internet, and analyses the feasibility of potential measures and legislation implementation that the UK government are undertaking. Declaration I declare that the work presented in this essay is my own and that it has not been submitted for assessment on any other module. Signed: Shonak Nathwani, 0925605 UK Legislation and File sharing There is little denying that the way we use the internet on a daily basis has transformed our lives. The fact that we can communicate, learn and explore the wonders of the World Wide Web with just a few mouse clicks has made this remarkable technology an embedded part of our day to day doings. Yet, our thirst for digital content,
If sodomy/homosexuality was 'unmentionable' in the Middle Ages, how can we write its history?
If sodomy/homosexuality was 'unmentionable' in the Middle Ages, how can we write its history? The study of gender, specifically homosexuality, is a relatively new invention. Tied up in the rise of feminism and the documentation of females in history, as a tributary of this, is the study of homosexuality through the ages. This essay is therefore part of an ongoing field of relatively new study. John Boswell, in my opinion clearly describes the difficulty of the study in such an "unexplored" area. Indeed, writers are often forced down "wrong paths" as well as "dead ends". However the comfort lies in the knowledge that we have "opened trails" and "posted landmarks" so others can "reach destinations beyond his furthest advance".1 In order to answer this question, one needs to ascertain, clearly, what this question is demanding. Within this essay I am going to clearly define "homosexuality" and "sodomy" within the boundaries of the Middle Ages. Whether, it was "unmentionable" and to what extent this contributes to our ability to record its history. Of the evidence available to us, we must also deem its effectiveness, in enabling us to accurately access homosexuality in the Middle Ages. In this essay, I am going to argue, that, through the study of primary sources relating to the existence of homosexuality, we can, indeed, write its history. However the evidence available to
Is History a Nightmare
'History' Stephen said, 'is a nightmare from which I am trying to awake' (James Joyce, Ulyssess). Is history a 'nightmare' and, if so, is it possible to awake? History has been represented by some as a triumphal march. As a progressive, unlinear, emancipating process. Fukyama, for instance, has heralded liberal democracy as the 'end of history'; while orthodox Marxism also posits a liberating 'end goal' in the form of 'communism'. History is understood as teleological and determined; a dream. It will be argued that history is more accurately understood as a 'nightmare'; as contingent and determined by conflict or struggle within specific networks of power-relations. In this respect, crude, reductive, teleological understandings of history are rejected, in favour of those that analyse history as based on contingent inter-relationships between structure, agency and discourse. Paradigms such as historical materialism, post-structuralism and critical-discourse analysis will be drawn on to show how relations of power and domination are constructed through conflict. It is these relationships which are the 'nightmare' of history; the nightmare of 'power' and the 'conflict' over it.1 Historical scholarship in historicising social relationships, de-naturalises relationships of power and showing the agency of historical actors can act as a critique to past and present
Method's of Drug Characterisation
Experiment 6 - Methods of Drug Characterization Aims . To gain experience of the analytical methods used for drug characterization Objectives . To gain experience in melting point determination, thin layer chromatography and UV spectroscopy 2. Application of the methods to identify an unknown substance Introduction The 2 most basic analytical techniques for identification of organic compounds are melting point determination and thin layer chromatography. Identification of compounds relied upon melting point determination before the modern analytical techniques of nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared and UV spectroscopy. Although thin layer chromatography still plays an important role in organic analysis. A solution of the unknown is spotted onto the silica coated plate about 1cm from the bottom and dried; it is then placed vertically into a tank with a suitable solvent inside. The solvent moves up the plate by capillary action and resolves the sample into discrete spots. The plate is removed and dried and the spots are viewed under UV or by treating it chemically with developing agent. For each component of the sample an Rf value can be calculated: Rf = distance moved by solute/distance moved by solvent Safety * Local rules apply * The sealing of melting point tubes by Bunsen must be done away from flammable solvents * After practical all waste solvents
