Criminal Law Omissions. In the English legal system there is generally no liability for an omission to act, the English legal system does not have a good Samaritan rule neither is there no duty of easy rescue.

In the English legal system there is generally no liability for an omission to act, the English legal system does not have a 'good Samaritan rule' neither is there 'no duty of easy rescue'. Fitzjames Stephen gave a classical example of 'A seeing B drowning and is able to save him by holding out his hand. A abstains from doing so in order that B may be drowned, A will have committed no offence.'1 This example clearly shows that there is no positive duty for B to act, even though B holding his hand out may have saved A's life. This is a controversial issue as the law allows one to watch a person drown without them being prosecuted for any offence. However in some European countries this is different such as in France and Germany where there is a duty of easy rescue and failure to do so will amount to a criminal offence2. As I have earlier said generally there is no liability for failing to act, however there are six exceptions and if a person fails to act then they will be committing a criminal law offence, there is a vast amount of case law in this field which will be used to illustrate the exceptions to an omission. The first exception I will discuss is a special relationship, this is where the law will require an individual to act where there is a special relationship, it is generally recognised the more closer the relationship the more likely the law will impose a duty.

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Consider the Arguments For and Against Having a Written Constitution.

Jade Fallen Consider the Arguments For and Against Having a Written Constitution A constitution is a set of rules and principles which determines the relationship between those who govern and those who are governed. It dictates who is in authority and governs the relationships between those who are in authority. It determines the ways that these people exercise their powers and instructs how they must operate. As a source of principles and values in each individual society it maintains how free and open the society is. In the United Kingdom the constitution aims to perpetuate a representative democratic society, yet the sources and evidence for this can not be found in one, singular written document entitled "The Constitution". Instead it can be found in many sources and documents such as the Human Rights Act 1998 and the Bill of Rights, designed to protect citizens from an abuse of power, by those in authority. A written constitution would serve invaluable as a clear index for courts to ascertain where a constitutional breach has occurred. In the United States of America a case Marbury v. Madison [1858] highlighted a situation where the government at the time passed a legislation which was contrary to the constitution. In this case the legislation was over-ruled by the courts as this was a right addressed to them by the legislation. This case highlights a fundamental

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MRSA. About 1 in 3 of us carries SA on the surface of our skin, or in our nose without developing an infection. This is known as being colonised by the bacteria

MRSA MRSA (sometimes referred to as the superbug) stands for methicilin-resistent Staphylococcus aureus (SA). SA is the bacterium from the Staphylococcus aureus family. It was discovered in 1961 in the UK, it is now found worldwide. (www.mrsasupport.co.uk) The organism Staphylococcus aureus is found on many individuals skin and seems to cause no major problems. However, if it gets inside the body, for instance under the skin or in the body or into the lungs, it can cause important infections such as boils or pneumonia. Individuals who carry this organism are usually totally healthy, have no problems whatever and are considered simply to be carriers of the organism. About 1 in 3 of us carries SA on the surface of our skin, or in our nose without developing an infection. This is known as being colonised by the bacteria. However in addition to the boils and pneumonia, you call also contract impetigo, if they get into the bloodstream they can cause more serious infections. (www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk) The term MRSA or methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus is used to describe those examples of this organism that are resistant to commonly used antibiotics. Methicillin was an antibiotic used many years ago to treat patients with Staphylococcus aureus infections. Today it is no longer used except as a means of identifying this particular type of antibiotic resistance.

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How does the usage of cinematography and editing in Michael Haneke's "Code Unknown" reinforce the lack of communication between characters?

FS1505 22 March 2011 Essay Emmi Makiharju How does the usage of cinematography and editing in Code Unknown reinforce the lack of communication between characters? Code Unknown: Incomplete Tales of Several Journeys is the most technical film of Austrian director Michael Haneke. Haneke is known for his minimalist approach both in technical and artistic terms. His editing is always meticulous and the cinematography and narratives are eccentric to say the least. Code Unknown follows the lives of four characters and their families who manage to somehow create havoc to each others existence. The film is composed of 46 scenes of which most are tracking shots, the longest lasting approximately nine minutes, without cuts. The scenes are abruptly cut, separated by a black screen that creates a mosaic reality, which is also visible in the narrative of the film. (Horton 2001) Haneke's films scrutinize the modern world, and Code Unknown especially explores communication and its importance in society and alienation that the contemporary world creates. The most visible form of cinematography in the film Code Unknown is the long take. Nearly all scenes are made with few or no cuts. The long take is an alternative to a series of shots, and is a strong creative resource. A long take, in this case, evokes emotions in the viewer without forcing it. In a series of short takes, the

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What is a species?

What is a species? "Species is a Latin word meaning 'kind' or 'appearance.'" (Campbell and Reece, 2005, p.473). However, clarifying what actually constitutes a species is controversial, as Biologists cannot agree on a specific definition of the word. Species is a term used by humans in attempt to place different 'kinds' of organisms into distinct groups using taxonomy - biological classification. A scientific name in the form of a binomial nomenclature is used to describe these groups. It is always written in italics with the capitalised Latin genus name followed by the species name. Species, therefore, is a fundamental category in taxonomy and important in the scientific naming of organisms. It is therefore essential for us to have a proper understanding of species. However, as a consequence of Biologists being divided in opinion on the nature of species, several concepts have been proposed to define the term. Therefore the answer to the question 'what is a species?' differs depending on which species concept is applied. The biological species concept (BSC) is the most frequently used and widely accepted definition of species. This concept was originally proposed in 1942 by biologist Ernst Mayr. Ernst Mayr stated that "species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups." (Ernst, 1963 cited in Ridley,

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Discuss the relevance of the concept of the rule of law to current constitutional arrangements in the UK

"In the mouth of British Constitutional Lawyer, the term "rule of law" seems to mean primary a corpus of basic principles and values, which together lend some stability and coherence to the legal order". (TRS Allan). In the light of the quote above, I am going to discuss the relevance of the concept of the rule of law to current constitutional arrangements in the UK. I will be looking at the current constitution in the UK, the doctrine of the rule of law and the relevance of the doctrine in the operation of state power. The UK is said to have an "unwritten constitution", because it has no single codified documentary constitution. However most of the constitution does exist in the written form of treaties, statutes and court judgements. Due to the absence of a formal written constitution in the UK, there is no positive statement of the basic principles governing state actions and no guidelines that could be used to assess the legitimacy of government action. Lawyers and politicians have used the concept of the rule of law in order to provide such a measure.1 The rule of law is capable of being interpreted differently by different people. It is a recognised principle of the English constitution, which is frequently used to signify a notion of "law and order". At it's broadest it is a framework that constrains arbitrary use of power. The concept of the rule of law dates

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Did Britain become a Classless Society after 1945?

Did Britain become a Classless Society after 1945? Matthew Woodward - The Road from 1945: Britain since the Second World War Social class in Britain played a key factor in determining a citizen's wealth, political power, education opportunities and more generally a person's lifestyle. The Cambridge International Dictionary of English defines class as "a group of people within society who have the same economical and social position" whilst Karl Marx argued that class was an 'economic category'1. Towards the end of the Second World War it was becoming increasingly suggestive that the British social classes were beginning to merge together in order to form what for former Prime Minister Harold Wilson once described as a 'classless' society. Social classes in Britain are traced back as far as the Industrial Revolution, seeing that it provided different parts of the country with various speeds of progress. The struggle of the working class and the dominance of capitalism highlighted class importance all throughout the nineteenth and most of the twentieth century. Since 1945, political events, traditions, national characteristics and consequences of the war all had an impact on the forms of class. Social analyst Michael Young argued that 'the lower classes no longer have a distinctive ideology with the ethos of society'2 suggesting that there was no reason for the British working

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Essay on the function of Judicial Review

PUBLIC LAW ASSIGNMENT 2 MICHAEL ROBERTS TUTOR GROUP L ANNELIESE BLACKWOOD 'The primary purpose of judicial review ... is to keep the powers of government within their legal bounds, so as to protect the citizen against their abuse.' Discuss with reference to the common law grounds of review. Judicial review is a process which is widely recognised to incorporate three functions or purposes. Firstly there is the function whereby citizens of the state who have been wronged and caused grievance by a public authority may be redressed. Secondly there is the 'normative and expository' role which encourages good governance through the promotion of fundamental principles. Finally, as the title statement propounds, there is the control of government element which helps to ensure that the power exerted by parliament and public authorities does not go unchecked, although judicial review is only concerned with the procedural correctness and legitimacy of such power and usually administrative or political checks are present to assess the merits of decisions made1. The most effective way to explore these purposes would be to go through the three common law grounds of judicial review as set out by Diplock LJ in Council of Civil Service Unions v. Minister for the Civil Service [1985] AC 374 (illegality, irrationality and procedural impropriety) plus the effects of the Human Rights Act

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Kearsley (2002) has said that "if this film (Lord of the Rings) achieves half of what is expected, it will be massive for New Zealand - Critically examine the impact of the film of New Zealand tourism policy.

Kearsley (2002) has said that "if this film (Lord of the Rings) achieves half of what is expected, it will be massive for New Zealand". Critically examine the impact of the film of New Zealand tourism policy. The Lord of the Rings was written by J.R.R. Tolkien in 1954 and has become one of the most well known and read books in history. Christmas 2001 saw the long awaited release of the first part of the film trilogy directed by New Zealander Peter Jackson. The films took eighteen months to make and were filmed on location in New Zealand at a cost of more than £200 million (Newsround, 2001). The book itself was a massive hit worldwide and the films look set to be just as successful. The first in the trilogy, "The Fellowship of the Ring" has won four Oscars (Syfy Portal, 2002) and five Baftas (Gibbons, 2002). This essay aims to examine whether "The Lord of the Rings" will be as much of a success for New Zealand's tourism industry as it has been for it's director, Peter Jackson and the impact that the film has already had on New Zealand's tourism policies. New Zealand is about the same size and shape as Great Britain but with a much smaller population. A population of 3.8 million makes it one of the world's least crowded countries (Tourism New Zealand, 2002). New Zealand's landscape varies dramatically from "vast mountain chains, steaming volcanoes, sweeping

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'A gets B to do something that he or she would not otherwise do'. Does this sum up the essence of political power?

'A gets B to do something that he or she would not otherwise do'. Does this sum up the essence of political power? Political power has been described as an "essentially contested concept1" and for good reason. Of all of the concepts in political science, power is probably that which is debated most often. This is perhaps unsurprising due to its importance within the discipline. Heywood suggests that "without doubt, students of politics are students of power2". The quote in the question refers to Robert Dahl's "intuitive idea of power3" outlined in his early article 'The Concept of Power4'. It is also the most commonly used 'definition' of power; however, to what extent does it describe the nature and essence of political power? As the extensive debate suggests, there are many problems when defining power. As the 'Oxford Dictionary of Politics explains, issues of "Intentionality", "Comparability and Quantifiability" and "Time and Causation5'" make arriving at a definition very difficult. Without Intentionality, it argues, "we are left with a paradoxical and useless concept of power... the concept of power becomes vague to the point of meaningless". Also, for a universal concept of power, it must allow for comparative analyses in the form of "A has more power than C in context x" or "A has more power than anybody else in context x" for example. This quote in the question

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