In the digestive system many polymers and dimmers need to be broken down into smaller molecules by the process of hydrolysis. Water is used in hydrolysis reactions to separate the larger molecules into smaller ones (e.g. proteins into amino acids). Water is produced in respiration and this water can be very useful for organisms living in dry habitats. The process of photosynthesis requires water in order to create glucose.
The fact that water has an unusually high specific heat capacity makes it a very useful substance for living organisms. Water does not change temperature very easily and therefore minimizes fluctuations in temperature in cells and creates a remarkably constant sea temperature for aquatic organisms.
Water has a high latent heat of vaporisation which means that when animals sweat and plants transpire water, takes energy from the organism when it evaporates and as a result cools the organism.
Because water is a polar molecule, molecules of water stick together with hydrogen bonds. This allows long chains of water molecules to stick together – this is useful both for sucking up water through tall trees by transpiration and for creating surface tension which allows many animals to walk on water.
Water is used for photosynthesis. Water is used for the chemical and biochemical processes supporting plant metabolism. The plant uses sunlight to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen then uses carbon dioxide in the air to make sugar. The oxygen is discarded into the atmosphere as water vapor. Plants use oxygen to burn sugar and make energy for life processes. The sole purpose of leaves is to collect light and make sugar. Leaves get water from the roots, and air enters the leaves through small holes called stomata’s. Open stomata let in air but also cause the plant to lose water through evaporation. If these holes close to conserve water, photosynthesis and sugar production are halted.
Cell division and cell expansion are the two ways . Cells grow by taking in water. Cell division creates additional cells, while cell expansion is an increase in the size of the cell. If water is limited during periods of growth, the final cell size is diminished, which leads to fewer and smaller leaves, smaller fruit, shorter, thicker stems and a smaller root system. The lack of water results in smaller, weaker plants.
Water is essential for support in plants. By the process of osmosis, plant cells take water in which causes an increase in the pressure against the rigid cell wall – the cell enters a state of turbo. This allows herbaceous plants to remain upright.
In conclusion, water has uses in all organisms – from plants to animals and can offer a great many things from transport to support. This substance is absolutely essential to the existence of every living organism on this planet.
Why life chose carbon
- Carbon is one of the most widely used elements in the living world.
- It is the second most abundant element in the human body- about 28% of the wet weight
- One of the special feature for carbon is that carbon atom are able to bond with each other to form extended chain
- They do this by sharing pairs of electrons with neighbouring carbon atom to form stable covalent carbon-carbon bonds
- Carbon can also form branched – chains and ring, these chain and ring structure provides the skeleton of organic molecules
- Another special feature for carbon is that it can form a covalent bond with other atom then it self
- Carbon gives these atoms specific chemical properties to the molecules that contain them
- Carbon with four different atoms or group attached are said to be asymmetric or chiral
- Amino acid is an example of a tetrahedral nature of the carbon atom
- The outlines that Carbon provides are fundamental to the specific nature of biological molecules. It is essential that molecules in the cell fit together correctly (like coenzyme a catalyst ion cell )
History
Labour party
The Labour Party was created in 1900: a new party for a new century. Its formation was the result of many years of hard effort by working people, trade unionists and socialists, united by the goal of changing the British Parliament to represent the interests of everybody. For many years the new organisation struggled to take root in the British political system. The conference of February 1900 had not even created a proper 'party.' Instead the new body was called the Labour Representation Committee and it had no members, only organisations affiliated to it. In the elections of that year, the new group made little ground. Labour's leaders worked closely with the 1906-14 Liberal Governments, and relied on their majority to agree measures to help Labour, such as the Trade Disputes Act of 1906. Labour party is a left-wing group.
Conservative party
The Conservative Party of the United Kingdom is a successor to the Tory Party, which represented landed gentry in Britain until the 1830s. The Tories began referring to themselves as the Conservatives around 1830. The Tories were in eclipse for much of the eighteenth century, but came to the fore again thanks to William Pitt the Younger. He held power for over 18 years from 1783, making him the longest-serving of all Prime Ministers connected with the Party. Pitt helped to lay the basis of modern prosperity by opening up and reforming the public . He also taught the Tories to be the pragmatic party. Conservative party is a more a right- wing group.
: 1976-1979
1. He was in the labour party
2. James Callaghan is the only 20th century British Prime Minister to have held all four major offices of state: Chancellor of the Exchequer, Home Secretary, Foreign Secretary and Prime Minister.
3. Callaghan’s controversial decision to ask the International Monetary Fund for an emergency loan in 1976 generated significant tensions within the Cabinet.
4. As Chancellor, Callaghan oversaw the controversial devaluation of the British pound in 1967, which was followed by his swift resignation.
: 1964-1970, 1974-76
1. He was in the labour party
2. Aged 31, he had become the youngest member of the Cabinet in the 20th century.
3. Under Hugh Gaitskell’s leadership of the Labour party, Wilson served as Shadow Chancellor from 1955 to 1961, then as Shadow Foreign Secretary from 1961-1963
4. he had increase the incomes tax credit, but he did not tackle the increase of unemployment .As a result, by 1975, unemployment had reached 1 million
: 1957-1963
1. He was in the conservative party
2. Macmillan quickly restored the country’s confidence and its fortunes after Sir Anthony Eden resign
3. He led the country through the Cuban Missile crisis and was the first truly nuclear-armed Prime Minister
4. He repaired the damage done to the through his close relationships with Presidents and
: 1945-1951
1. He was in the labour party
2. Attlee was one of the few Labour MPs to win his seat in the and became deputy leader of the party under .
3. In 1935 Attlee became the new leader of the
4. He wasn’t a typical Labour leader and was known as ‘Major Attlee’ not only because he had served as an active officer, but also because of his military bearing and appearance.
: 1979-1990
1. She was in the conservative party
2. She held junior posts before becoming shadow spokesperson for Education, and entered the Cabinet as Education Secretary in 1970.
3. She brought more of her supporters into the Cabinet, and bolstered her reputation by leading the country to war against Argentina in the Falkland Islands.
4. She also became a familiar figure internationally, striking up a famous friendship with US President Reagan and gaining the praise of Soviet leader Gorbachev.
: 1963-1964
1. He was in the conservative party
2. Only served as Prime Minister for 363 days but he oversaw the abolition of resale price maintenance and took a tough stance in dealing with the trade unions.
3. He served as Commonwealth Secretary during the Suez Crisis of 1956, in addition to holding the positions of Leader of the House of Lords and Lord President of the Council.
4. After Home’s father passed away, he became the 14th Earl of Home and took a seat in the House of Lords
:1955-1957
1. He was in the conservative party
2. He was elected to the in 1923 and was appointed undersecretary of state for in 1931
3. He was minister for in June 1935
4. In 1954 he helped to settle the Anglo-Iranian oil dispute, to resolve the quarrel between Italy and Yugoslavia over Trieste, to stop the Indochina War, and to establish the
: 1970-1974
1. He was in the conservative party
2. Heath won the 1970 election, and served his only term as Prime Minister during a time of industrial upheaval and economic decline.
3. Heath also worked to create a lasting peace in Northern Ireland
4. Outside of politics he maintained lifelong passions for conducting and playing music as well as sailing, notably winning the Admiral’s Cup while Prime Minister