The functions of the main cell components are:
Cell/plasma Membrane: This is the outer sheath of the cell. Its “sandwich’s” the whole cell. As it is keeps it all together. This is mainly in charge of what goes in and out of the cell. It is often described as moderately permeable. In the cell membrane, contains phospholipids, proteins and carbohydrates. In the cell membrane substances can travel in and out through liquid diffusion, osmosis, passive transport, active transport and vesicles.
Liquid diffusion
Osmosis
Passive transport
Active transport
Nucleus: This part of cell in control of the whole cell. The instructions for the work, development and protection are given by this for the cell.
The nucleus is where the chromosomes contain. The nucleus carries DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), vital information about the organism which, the cell is a part of. This is also known as “genetic coding material”. The DNA is what the characteristics are based on, for the organism.
The nucleus has pores and a nucleolus. Inside the nucleus there is a membrane like structure, but has gaps for proteins and nucleic acids to pass through. The nuclear membrane is made up of double membranes, the outer and the inner. These two membranes are made parallel to each other. The outer membrane is the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Mitosis happens in every single cell, but there are times when the cell is not dividing. When mitosis is not happening in the cell, the material inside the nucleus, called the chromatin network, appears to be thick and twisted in a bunch. As this happens, a dark round-shaped figure starts to get visible. This is the source to (RNA) ribonucleic acid, one of the nucleic acids. When the cell is in the process of mitosis, the chromatin network divides to form structures called chromosomes. This is the genetic material in the form of DNA- multiple linear. A human cell consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes. These chromosomes contain (DNA) deoxyribonucleic acid. The DNA is responsible for the genetic appearance of an individual. For e.g. our blood group, skin colour etc. The nucleus is responsible for all the actions the cell takes.
Cytoplasm: This is a liquid substance that is inside the cell. This is where all the chemical changes take place. The scientific name for all these chemical reactions taking place is called metabolism
This liquid consists of various different forms of structures that are known as organelles which perform different jobs inside the cell. One of the very important organelles is called mitochondria (plural mitochondrion). This is involved with releasing energy. The energy is released from the food, which gives the organism the energy to work. A cell may need a lot of mitochondria to perform it jobs. For e.g. as muscles cells do a lot of work, they need a lot of energy, so they have lots of mitochondria cells. Cytoplasm is also responsible for skin and hair colour due to the dark pigments.
Cell organelles: Organelles are different parts of a cell with a separate formation and purpose. There are various different types of organelles in a cell. They are called mitochondria, the Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi apparatus and Lysosomes.
There are at least 1000 of these in a cell. They are very strong, active cells. Liver cells will have lots of these organelles. It releases energy. Each of these cells has a double layered membrane. The enzymes which are responsible for the fatal point of glucose oxidation are placed in ridges known as cristae. The ATP is basically a chemical battery. This is required for the released energy for form complex molecules, movement and secretion. The ATP is broken down into ADP plus energy. This is then used again in the mitochondria back to ATP.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): there are two different types of endoplasmic reticulum called rough and smooth. It is a system of which fill the inside of the cells. The membrane of the canal is alike to the structure to the cell membrane. The membrane of the canal is quite similar to the figure of the cell membrane and the nuclear membrane. The canal forms a pathway for transferring matters to and from various parts of the cell.
Rough ER has small black body around the outer layer known as ribosomes. These have the purpose of manufacturing cell proteins and also carry out as a provisional storage area. Sometimes sugar is added in to the proteins which then produce glycoprotiens in secretions such as mucus
Smooth ER is involved in the metabolism of lipids or fats. They do not have any ribosomes attached to them like the rough ER
Golgi apparatus: these are sacs filled with fluid. Many tiny fluid filled globules or bags lie close to the main stack and these are often phrased as vesicles. Golgi apparatus, or body, is thought that packages protein for delivery to other organelles or outwards from the cell in secretion. This is also in charge for manufacturing lysosomes.
Ribosomes: they are attached to the membrane of the ER. They are responsible to make amino chains and force them in the ER. They are the location of proteins sytesis. They are the formational support and the catalyst for proties synthesis.
Lysosomes: these are found in all parts of the cell, like cytoplasm and also the tiny vesicles which are manufactured by the Golgi apparatus. They consist of strong enzymes which are able to absorb all the chemical parts of living cells. Lysosomes can move around the cell liberally and release the substances which are capable of destroying old or damaged organelles or even the whole cell. When the cell take in food the need, It also has a function on destroying bacteria and other unfamiliar substances which enter the cell. Some of the cells like the white blood cells have a lot of lysosomes because their function is to destroy unfamiliar matters which enter the cell, like bacteria, viruses and any other micro-organisms.
Chromatin reticulum – this is found in the nucleus of a resting cell. It is a dark, knotted mass. There are two types of chromatin reticulum
Euchromatin – these have genes which are regularly put across. The DNA molecules in this are less dense
Hetero Chromatin – these have genes which are irregular transcribed. The DNA molecules are more uncondensed
Pincytotic vesicle – this is a vesicle for moving fluids from outside the cell to the inside of the cell.