1.7 Project Scope
The scope discusses explicitly legacy according to its benefit realization on a hosting city or country. These impacts are widely discussed to shed more light on the positive benefits and improve negative benefits. It also stresses on the analysis of the management of mega sporting events and projects and discusses its challenges in management. Finally, the project provides a framework for legacy.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
This chapter comprises of information collected from different authors in the past study. The aim of the literature review is to compare information on the topic in question, gathered from previous study and the present to get an insight of the topic hence identifying the existing gap. It enables the researcher not to re-invent the wheel by discovering what already exists. Reviewing of literature brings comparison of information about the topic from different people the same field of study.
2.1.1 Conceptual Framework
Conceptual framework as applied in research presents an ideal methodology of presenting a thought or an idea. The conceptual framework applied in this research is descriptive category. Initial categories of frameworks have the probability of providing incomplete framework. Shields (1998, asserts that descriptive category have the flexibility to be modified so that the elements can be re-classified according to the researcher to meet the main descriptive purpose. Concerning legacy realization from mega sport events, descriptive framework allows for insight gain of knowledge in the phenomenon by assembling and analyzing various characteristics that play part. A descriptive framework also gives the researcher an opportunity of developing new ideas concerning the specific field of research. This is possible because, the research has the chance to describe what may be missing in literature reviewed.
Practical ideal framework is the need for the researcher to have conceptually knowledgeable practical understanding of diverse parameters in the area of study. The framework guides the most practical empirical inquiry of the subject. These practices are in the form of questionnaires, data collection, and data analysis (Babbie 2004). This type of conceptual framework best fits research entailing survey work, structured interviews, document and content analysis. It enables researcher to draw recommendations and conclusions from evidence collected in the field. Furthermore, researcher has the ability to manipulate the framework to address issues raised through formative program evaluation. It also offers the best opportunity for the researcher to understand realities and improve on them.
The basic assumption in legacy social exchange argues that, social relations established and maintained during such events base their justifications on the anticipation that the events in the end will bring mutual advantages to all participants. However, if one party experiences fewer advantages than the cost, the imbalanced exchange leads to many social impacts (Zafirovski, 2005).
Economical aspect of the impacts of legacy takes much concern because of it tendency to affect every aspect of the country’s development. A conception framework defined therefore, will help monitor the economic impacts of legacy and mega sport even in the hosting country. This is achievable by analyzing the investments made by the country before and during the event.
2.2 Past Studies
2.2.1Economic Realizations
Because of hosting a mega sporting event, a hosting state or city can benefit from affordable housing rates. This will rely mostly from better transport and communication connections making housing the full realization of this benefit needs government regulation between private market and the affordable housing to ensure proper coordination. The housing economics and the impact on market forces need critical economical analysis to avoid inflation in case real estate businessmen raise the prices of housing. It is also possible that rise in value of houses and rent will force low-income households out of the mega sporting area. Furthermore, the government needs to coordinate proper housing procedures to ensure proper realization of this advantage
According to Ritchie, 1984, sports mega event has positive realizations on a hosting nation. These realizations arise from increased expenditures during the entire period of sporting. Employment opportunities come in handy starting from the planning of the events to the actual hosting. Contractors also get projects in improving infrastructure and servicing of stadiums. A model, according to some models proposed, investments and expenditure flow, sourced from different sources into the host country result in a noticeable income generation and employment creation (Li and Blake 2009). Most authors come out clearly on the long-term positive realization that a mega sports event bring to a hosting state concerning its tourism industry (Ritchie 2000). They argue that visitors to a certain nation attending the mega sports event have the tendency to visit the country even after the event.
2.2.2Urban and Physical Development Realizations
It is logic that for any country to host any mega sports event, its infrastructure must meet some international standards. This, to some extent, forces governments and other development agents to improve on their infrastructure in order to qualify to host the event. Hiller (1999) argues that this infrastructural development may not be the intention of the hosting city/state but just an automatic requirement that come with the assignment to host the event. These developments in most cases do not confine to the venue of the event alone, it also affects its neighborhoods. Newman (1995) argues that a mega sport event has the potential of positively affect economic generation for a period of up to five years. The possibility of governments transferring its funding for other social amenities to developing the infrastructure is evident (Bass 2008). Russia for instance, hosts 2018 World Cup and according to WC2018, Russia expects a lot of physical development, and in fact, infrastructure development already started (WC2018)
2.2.3Environmental benefit realizations
Collins et al. (2009) highlights the environmental benefits of a mega sport event as essential point of concern. It asserts that, the venue of need energy supply. This substantiates again on the legacy benefit on urban development. The research provides a two approach methods of assessing the positive environmental realizations of a mega sport event. It offers the guidelines taken care of from the planning stage to the real hosting of the event
2.2.4Socio-Cultural benefit realizations
A mega sport event such as world cup and Olympics improves the likeness of a sporting activity among the locals of a hosting city or state (Ritchie 1984). Other authors like Essex claim that such a big event has a strengthening benefit to the values and traditions of the local people (Essex, 1998). They also claim that a mega sport event increases a nation’s pride as well as spirit. Other sources have it that the hosting of a mega sport event increases social interactions between foreigners and the locals, this enhances exchange of cultural values and beliefs hence improved way of living. Hooper (2001) asserts that the participation of the locals in the sport activities improves health and physical fitness and presents an individual with satisfaction and self-fulfillment. Russia expects to have benefit from this point of view when hosting 2016 Olympics (Sochi 2016)
2.2.4 Political benefit Realizations
Political realizations of a mega sporting event come in handy in the staging country or city. The staging of a mega sports event has the involvement of both local and regional governments. This is because; the funding of such developments as infrastructure and other requirements, need government intervention at all levels. Furthermore, the bid of any nation to host any mega sport event needs government intervention. These results from government’s expectations of a fair return on the economic growth expected after the event. Due to the expected economic realizations, the decision on the bidding for hosting a mega sport event involves the government and business corporations (Essex 1998). Furthermore, according to (Burbank et al. 2001) while dealing with a mega sport event such as Olympics, leaders need to display their courage and strength by taking some crucial political steps. This will ensure full political benefit realization.
2.3 Methods
The method of data collection in the literature review was majorly from existing research documents like articles, books, journals, lectures on the subject matter, and online resource documents. Archived sources formed the greater part as source of information. These sources were readily available in various libraries.
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research Methodology and Design
3.1Introduction
This chapter presents the methodology employed in this study. It contains research design, population of the study sample design and data collection procedure and data analysis procedures. Action research methodology favored the research and descriptive research design seemed more convenient, hence its application. Last, qualitative analysis of the findings was employed.
3.2Research Methodology
According to O` Brien (2001), action research methodology allows room for emphasis on personal opinion. It is a collective and self-reflective method of research, which acknowledges the researcher’s social considerations. It aims at bringing into concern both individual practical concerns in the subject of research (Rapport 1970). This research method puts emphasis and utilizes the future system from people’s opinions. Knowledge produced from the method is useful in guiding practice and modifications in the field of study. Since the topic in question is a social one, that need interactive research, action research methodology suits it, hence applied by the researcher.
3.3Research Design
The research design applied is the descriptive research design. The researcher found it suitable because it describes all issues raised in the study and hence the research chose the design. The Researcher used a descriptive research design. The effectiveness of this type of design describes every aspect in the research with in-depth information. According to Sagimo (2002), the design is able to help researchers to achieve a wide understanding of the topic in question. The design also facilitates the use of open and closed ended questions. Descriptive research seeks to establish factors associated with certain occurrences, outcomes, conditions or types of behavior. This method is preferred because it allows for an in-depth study of the research problem.
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Findings and Discussion
4.1 Introduction
The chapter presents the analysis of data, interpretation of data collected from the research instruments. The analysis of data will help in presentation of the research information in relation to the background information and the research objectives are the key element to the chapter. The significance of data analysis was to help the researcher to relate the data obtained from the already existing literature and the findings of the research.
4.2Findings and Discussion
The techniques used to acquire data included sources from already existing research done in the past and interviewing respondents by way of questionnaire. The data obtained met the objectives of the research and facilitated the achievement of its aim.
4.2.1 Quantitative analysis
According to the findings, mega sport event initiates benefits of development and unity among citizens of the hosting state. Since the hosting nation has to repair its infrastructure as roads. It also initiates unity and teamwork among citizens in the process of cheering up their home team. These events too encourage skill improvement among the nation’s staff. Sectors like engineering, and medicine and construction need to train its existing workers to produce magnificent results than incurring the high cost of importing foreign skilled labor.
The report shows these economic befits achieved may last only for a short moment. It is evident that any government staging the events of a mega sporting event does so by use of its taxpayer money. In most cases however, governments borrow grants and loans from international financial institutions, often with the hope to gain it back from the event. In the case where this idea fails, the state’s citizens become compelled to pay unexpected taxes. This results in a critical state of poverty due to constraining citizen’s income thus a negative implication.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Evaluation of findings
5.1 Introduction
The chapter presents the summary of major findings in relation to the research study carried by the researcher on the impacts of mega sport events. The chapter goes further to give answers to research questions to give answers to research questions contained in chapter one.
5.2 Evaluation of Findings
The economic benefit realizations of a mega sport event will remain a major issue of discussion and concern as seen in the research. Its impacts will remain to affect positively the economies of a hosting state than how it can negatively affect it. The socio-cultural effects need a constant review as it can drastically affect the hosting nation’s way of living. Residence need be keen to assimilate what can positively influence their lives.
Political benefit realizations with mega sporting events play a pivotal role in the bidding for the chance to host a mega sport event. The players in this activity, that is, the political class and the business corporation should have same interests to avoid conflict. The physical benefit realization concerning infrastructure development of an urban area is mostly positive. The research found out that, with the emerging issues like globalization, global warming, changing trends in the global economy, westernization in various communities, the future effects on legacy related to mega sport events, are likely to take even a bigger dimension. In the case of socio-cultural benefit, for instance, weak social fabric, very little community participation in sport activities and the rise in ethnic divisions remain major emerging issues. In addition to these, poor funding of education and medical care among many nations is on the rise, hence locals live a poor lifestyle.
In economics, emergent issues like central banks being dependent on investor uncertainties mean lack of independence. Poor basic education with less focus on business units, industries driven by monopolistic and integrated sectors, inefficient inflation management leading to high national debts are all the current emerging trends that need monitoring to maximize the positive effects of mega sport events. Poor infrastructure development due to vices such as corruption in the government organs is another emerging issue of great concern.
There are some critical issues arising from the research about evaluation and analysis of the benefits realized from mega sport events. The issue of racial discrimination does not get the attention necessary. The research established that high tendency of racial discrimination and abuse is rampant in practice during the event of a mega sport event. This is a serious social impact that needs serious concerns and approach. Assimilation of negative cultural practices has shoddy research hence its negative impacts greatly ignored. The research established that, in the process of a mega sport event-taking place, the local residents easily assimilate values and beliefs of different cultures from foreigners, while most cultures may seem good; others have negative implications to the society’s way of living.
Concerning the above aforementioned, the objectives and aim of the research resulted in a successful finding.
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