I have chosen Cadbury's as my manufacturing organisation. Cadbury's was first opened as a little shop in 1824, which sold tea, coffee, mustard, coca and drinking chocolate.

Task 3 + 4

Introduction and Background Information

I have chosen Cadbury’s as my manufacturing organisation. Cadbury’s was first opened as a little shop in 1824, which sold tea, coffee, mustard, coca and drinking chocolate.

Growing sales of John Cadbury (founder of Cadbury’s) coca and drinking chocolate of superior quality determined the future of the business. In 1831 a small factory was rented. An old malt hose in Crooked Lane in Birmingham. John Cadbury became the manufacturer of coca and drinking chocolate. This was the start of the Cadbury’s manufacturing business, as it is known today.

The earliest coca bean product were balanced by mixing the ground coco with potato starch and sago flour to absorb the excess coca butter, with other ingredients and this was all John Cadbury’s work.

By 1842, John Cadbury was selling sixteen different sorts of drinking chocolates and eleven cocas. He had names such as ‘Churchmans Chocolate’, ‘Spanish Chocolate’ and ‘fine Brown Chocolate’.

In 1847 a larger factory in Birmingham was rented and John Cadbury took his brother Benjamin into partnership and the family business became Cadbury Brothers Birmingham.

PM Gladstone reduced taxes on imported coca beans in 1855. This was the turning point for the coca and chocolate industry that bought these products within the reach of wider sections of people not just the rich.

During 1850, business began to decline. The partnership was increased as the two Cadbury brothers joined their father, and soon after John Cadbury retired and died in 1861. So George and Richard Cadbury joined their father in the business.

The introduction of cocoa essence was not only innovation that improved the Cadbury brothers trade. There was a lot supply of coca butter remaining after the cocoa was pressed. So the variety expanded of new ranges for kids eating chocolate.

Refined plain chocolate was made from moulds into block of bars and chocolate crèmes that were fruit flavoured centres covered with chocolate.

Next they started to elaborate chocolate boxes which were extremely popular with the late Victorians and their popularity continues up to this day as you can see the packaging of all the chocolates are different from one another.

By the late 1980’s, the flourishing Cadbury business had outgrown their factory. The workforce had risen to 200 and after 32 years and the Bridge Street factory the Cadbury’s starting searching for another site. The next site was about four miles south of the Birmingham centre and the Cadbury brothers built a village for the workers. As the company looked forward to the new factory, more ideas were implemented and additional facilities were provided for the work force. Small rewards were given for punctuality; Cadbury’s was the first firm to introduce the Saturday half-day holiday, and the closure of the factory on Bank holiday. The employees were also given the chance to take part in sporting activities such as cricket, football and hockey.

By 1899, Richard Cadbury died and George became the chairman and the workforce was raised to 2,600 employees.

Cadbury’s was also spreading overseas in countries such as France and Australia. In 1932 Cadbury’s opened factories in Canada, New Zealand and in Dublin.

Wherever the chocolate was made, the quality control experts ensured that the high standards of quality and taste demanded by the company were maintained.

Every successful company had its famous brands and Cadburys ‘Dairy Milk’ chocolate was very popular.

Cadbury ‘Dairy Milk’ chocolate is still basically the same as it was when it was launched ...

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By 1899, Richard Cadbury died and George became the chairman and the workforce was raised to 2,600 employees.

Cadbury’s was also spreading overseas in countries such as France and Australia. In 1932 Cadbury’s opened factories in Canada, New Zealand and in Dublin.

Wherever the chocolate was made, the quality control experts ensured that the high standards of quality and taste demanded by the company were maintained.

Every successful company had its famous brands and Cadburys ‘Dairy Milk’ chocolate was very popular.

Cadbury ‘Dairy Milk’ chocolate is still basically the same as it was when it was launched in 1905. Below are the dates in which Cadbury’s famous brands were first created.

Milk Tray = 1915 Flake = 1920 Crème Eggs = 1923

Fruit Amount = 1928 Crunchie = 1929 Whole Nut = 1933

Roses = 1938 Picnic = 1958 Milk Buttons = 1960

Mini Eggs = 1967 Double Decker = 1976 Caramel = 1976

Wispa = 1983 Boost = 1985

Twirl = 1987 Time Out = 1992 Wispa Gold = 1995

Quality Control:

New plants operate 24 hours a day producing Cadbury products to the highest standards of quality control. For e.g. Wispa plant produces 1,680 bars per minute with such precision that the size of the tiny air bubbles in the chocolate is controlled to within 0.2 – 0.3mm and all of this is using science and scientific technology.

The Crème Egg plant will produce 300 million eggs a year at the rate of 1,100 per minute and it has the capacity to produce up to 370 million crème eggs per year. The machines before these had a maximum capacity of 257 million eggs per year.

Automation:

Due to automation, machines do a lot of work in assorted factories including the packaging. Whereas before, chocolate was individually packed in boxes by hand. The latest packaging system for Cadbury Roses sort out the fifteen different units into the containers at the right weight and correct proportions in a complete automated process.

Computer Control:

Before automation programming the manufacture of chocolate at one plant involved a series of operations individually supervised at separate control points.

Now one person from a control room full of computer terminals and screens supervises the whole process, this highly sophisticated system that controls the whole of the plant operation.

In then Wispa plant, individual microprocessor monitor the factory, such as temperature at about 1,000 different points with information being fed into the central computers which could deal with some 360,000 instructions per minute. High-speed packaging plants are capable of making and wrapping up to 800 chocolate bars a minute (these variable). High speed systems also check the weight and if additional ingredients such as fruit and nuts are included in the recipe. The distribution of these extra items is automatically checked.

Each week the Bournville site alone produces in excess if 1,500 tonnes of chocolate. This is equivalent to 1.6 million bars of various kinds plus 50 million hazelnut whirls, almond clusters and other individual chocolates, as well as 66,000 Cadbury Crème Eggs that are laid every year. All this is because of computers and scientists.

Process which are used in Cadbury’s Factories

The Computers & Electronics:

The computer monitors recognises the production line for errors, this reduces labour costs and is more accurate.

The electronics are used to check the temperature at which the chocolate is kept.

Engineers:

To check all the computers are working to the standards and to fix the computers that aren't functioning properly. This uses Physics.

Production Line:

These people use biology in harvesting cocoa beans and fermenting them.

The Nutrients Writing in the Pakages:

Uses biology to write about what nutrients are in the product and how much percentage fat and energy can be obtained from one single bar.

Testing:

Using labs and the control rooms to test the product if it safe for the public to eat.

Workers Qualifications in Science:

Not everyone working for Cadbury's has scientific qualifications. Actually most people who work for Cadbury's don't have any scientific qualifications.

A few job titles need qualifications such as a 'Health & Safety Officer’; this job needs a qualification in Biology.

Computer engineers need Physics; the main people who need scientific skills are the ones who earn more than the other factory workers.

Some employees just have professional qualifications for their department such as the food storage officer. This qualification involves Biology and Chemistry to check the machines are on and functioning.

The workers with limited qualifications are skilled because they are taught special skills to develop chocolate.

Task 5

Environmental Terms:

Cadbury tries its best to look after the environment, for e.g. the packaging material. In selecting confectioners packaging, Cadbury packaging technologists look for the most suitable material available at competitive prices. The first thing on the material checklist is if it can be recycled or not. If it can be recycled then it wouldn't cost Cadbury's as much as it would if it couldn't.

Cadbury also uses unleaded petrol in their delivery trucks instead on diesel because unleaded cause less damage to the environment.

Cadbury does not let out hardly any fumes that can damage the environment because Cadbury is an environmentally friendly company.

Cadbury even monitors the waste products and to recycle as much as possible, as this is a benefit for the company.

Social Terms:

Cadbury provides chocolate, and chocolate is one the most universally enjoyed food. Chocolate is a food that is fun to eat and provides energy and important nutrients such as proteins, vitamin B, calcium and iron.

Chocolate tastes nice and you can give it as gift or as a present. If you are feeling peckish, you can also eat chocolate as a snack. Chocolates are treats that all the family can share.

Cadbury employs people from outside the local area as well as it does and not causing danger nearby. It also works with the government and takes on unemployed and trainees, and arranges trips for schools

Economic Terms:

Cadbury's have employed many people in the past and are hoping to employ many people in the future, because these are steps taken to open new branches nationwide in the near future. This will create more job opportunities.

Cadbury does not need large energy requirements such as gas, but it needs a fair bit of electricity. Cadbury's pays national taxes and small plants have computer networks of their own.

Task 6

Health & Safety:

Before any Thames Water employee undertakes any task in the refining water production, a risk assessment must be taken out to reduce the risk of any insurers.

Specific employees are trained to carry out these assessments in each sector such as cleaning, personal hygiene etc. This will require at least three people if not more. The employees are required to understand the risks of chemicals in the water and to follow the guidelines from COSHH (Control Of Substance Hazards to Health regulations) such as what condition the water will be at and at what stage.

The employees are supplied with white jackets, white gloves and white hats so the hair doesn’t fall into the chocolate. The reason why the colour white is chosen is because you can tell if it is dirty as it is unhygienic to wear dirty clothing when purifying water.

Thames Water complies with the ‘Health and Safety Act 1974’ and there is a health and safety manager in every section.

The employees are all given training on the controls in purifying, cleaning and hygiene.

There are several fire exits in all the plants which are kept clear at all times and they have a false fire alarm alert every six months so the employees know what to do when a real fire happens.

Health & Safety Modifications:

Before the ‘Health and Safety Act 1974’ the health and safety rules were different and not as strict as now, but Thames water still store the water correctly and it has to be the purest and cleanest storing department and controlled 24 hours a day.

In the earlier days, there was no health and safety manager, so everyone was responsible for each other and not one specific person.

The machines before were not tested regularly, in fact, they were only tested once every year. Not many people where up to standards with “Health and Safety”, whereas now everyone knows just in case a member of staff may be ill and someone has to take over. Also there was no white uniform and women were allowed to keep long hair and long nails but now the modifications have changed and the white uniform is a must for hygienic purposes and for the safety of the consumers.

There weren’t many setbacks for Thames Water because they always have to be alert when supplying to water. Any sort of contamination would cost them severely and will affect millions of homes.

Cadbury in the Market Today:

Cadbury’s is the leading UK chocolate confectionery market with thirteen brands in the top thirty. This is eight more than anyone else! Chocolate is a big market with its annual sales in the UK over 500,000 tonnes and export sales of 98,000 tonnes.

Out of the whole of the European Union, Britain has one of the highest chocolate consumption levels, with 90% of the population buying chocolate on a regular basis, and this is due to chocolate being sold at an affordable price.

Task 7

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

I got information from:

http://

http://www.yahoo.com

I have also included web pages that I have printed.