Germany sinks ship
Made America go against Germany
Zimmerman Telegram
Telegram from Germany to Mexico to attack the U.S> in return for food
Really pissed the U.S. off towards Germany
The Perfect Panic
I. Times A Changin’
A lot of stuff ___________ in 1800’s are now becoming true in 1920’s
Cars
Ford pays workers $5/ day and lowers the price of his product just to
where he can make a profit
Motels- Motor hatch
Airplane
Charles Lindenburg flew across the Atlantic- 1927
Bobby ______ came up with the idea to use planes in Navy
Became aircraft carriers
Radio- first radio feed was in 1920 for the 1920 election
Movies- 1915 “Birth of the Nation”
1927- first movie w/ sound “The Jazz Singer”
II. Society
Isolation after WWI
Mindset in America/ Roaring 20’s—sorrow everywhere else, so let’s have fun!!
Sigmund Froyd- “civilization” and it’s discontents”
Everyone should have sex
Result: Sexual Revolution in the 1920’s
Women start dressing like whores
The Jazz Age—“Negro Music”
Literature
Hemingway Faulkner
Fitzgerald E.E. Cunnings
T.S. Eliot Robert Frost
III. Politics
1920- the old G____ wanted to return to “______”
March Man- Harding becomes pres.
Harding presidency is very corrupt
Tea Pot Dome scandal- Albert Fall- secretary of interior
Harding dies in 1923
Calvin Coolidge becomes pres.- “The business of government is business”
A time of dumb peace accords
Kellogg B_____ a _____ to end all war
IV. BOOM
Economy goes nuts
The earlier ____ inventions
WWI
Stock Market
People were borrowing $ from banks to buy stocks
V. BUST
October 29, 1929—Black Tuesday
Everyone begins to sell their stock
The economy sinks, and banks begin to collect on their debts
The New Deal
I. Shock and Awe
A. In reference to the Depression—1929- 1932
22% of U.S. banks failed- approx. 20% of pop. are screwed
50,000 businesses failed
Unemployment=33%
Total wages down 41%
GNP 1929→ 104 billion
1933→ 56 billion
*Many changes made to government to prevent these
B. Hoover presidency- He got screwed—elected in 1928
Hoover was Laissez-Faire during his presidency
Wanted to let the cycle take care of itself
Eventually he did something—Hoover damn- gave people jobs
He did other weak attempts to save economy as well
1931- Japan invades Manchuria, China
League of Nations in p.o.ed
Japan says F-you in your home
Bonus army- troops who went across seas to fight and were promised a
home for their work. Once depression happened the troops wanted to
collect their bonuses
14000 troops camp around the White House united government/ Hoover
sent out their troops to disperse them
II. FDR
A. A complicated man
From an aristocratic family—distant cousin of Teddy Roosevelt .
Was a Naval man
A conservative democrat
Married Teddy’s niece
1921- confined to a wheelchair due to polio
Only president to have such a physical disability
The only man who ever has/ will serve more than two terms
1932—election was severe butt-whooping
Hoover- 59 electoral votes
FDR- 472
III. “Do Something”
Begins to help the economy
“We have nothing to fear but fear itself”
His first 100 days he began to create tons of laws to help the economy
Bank Reform
FDR declares a bank Holiday- first week of March
Gives banks a week to get things in order
He cuts the Connection between gold and American dollar
Emergency Banking Relief Act
Creates Federal deposit incorporation: FDIC
→ If a bank goes under, the federal gov’t will reimburse the people
S.E.C.- regulates both stock and exchange
Employment
________ Conservation Corps
Gives 3 million young men under 24 working in the woods
An attempt to stop a rebellion
Federal Emergency Relief Administration
A premature form of welfare- if someone has no job the state will give
them money- “The D____”
Not many people liked this
Civilian works administration
Like the CCC but in _______ among all ages
Public Works Administration
Works progress administration
Draft towards War
I. Coda: FDR and New Deal
A. Tennessee valley Authority
-Government owned/ operated that built homes and hydro-electric power plants.
-Puts people to work
-Gov’t owns the electricity, the power, water, etc.
-Somewhat socialist- “Creeping Socialism”
B. Social Security Act 1935
-Gov’t funded retirement account
-Every paycheck the gov’t takes a percentage
C. Anti-New Deal forces
-American Liberty league
-Father Charlie Coughlin-traditionalist , widespread radio personality
D. 1936 Election
-Roosevelt wins
-Roosevelt brings together in voting power: blacks, labor unions, big city political machines, urbanites, intellectuals
-Through his “New Deal” he got the vote of blacks etc, and maintained the vote of the south.
- Court Packing Scheme
-Judiciary Act of 1937
-Any Supreme Court Justices over the age of 70 must retire
-Is immediately dropped
E. New Deal: Pros and Cons
CONS
-Changed gov’t fundamentally
-Didn’t get rid of the Depression
-Deficit spending-42 billion dollars in 1939
-Somewhat socialist
-“Nanny State” made everyone dependent upon the gov’t
PROS
-“Safety Net”
-Economy didn’t collapse
-There wasn’t a revolution
-Made the Depression better than it was
II. League of the Lame
-America never joins
-Many treaties are negotiated but none are enforceable
-League has no power or military
-League fouled because France and Britain were wimps
-A movie came out- “Things to Come”
III. Rogue’s Gallery
- Benito Mussolini- “Il Duce”-ITALY
-Fascist Party-Totalitarian Dictatorship
- Hirohito- “God-like” Japan
- Has pet dictator Jojer-pretty much leader of the country
- Becomes leader of Nazi party
- Starts revolution in 1923
- While in jail he writes “Mein Kampf” (“My Struggle”)
-His plan for Germany
-HIS GOALS FOR GERMANY
-Reverse the Depression
-Make a military
-Get rid of the Jews
-Reunite all German-speaking Europeans
- In 1933 he becomes dictator of Germany
THE WAR TO END WAR- PART 2
I. Appeasement and Neutrality
- Italian-Ethiopian War- 1934
- Italy, under Mussolini, invades Ethiopia
- Shows once again that the League of Nations is useless
- Many people now think that Italy is powerful
- Hitler puts troops into the Rhineland, a demilitarized zone- 1936
- France did nothing even though they could have stopped him
- Hitler pulls out of Treaty of Versailles- 1937
- Anschluss- To Annex- Hitler marches troops into Austria and Austria doesn’t really care- 1938
- Sudetenland – Czechoslovakia- Consists of about 3 million Geramns so Hitler wants the Sudetenland back
- France and Britain decide that Czech. Should surrender to Hitler as long as Hitler promises not to invade any more lands.
- Josef Stalin and Hitler issue the Non-Aggression Act-1939
- Will not fight each other
- Sept. 1, 1939- Germany and Russia invade Poland
- France and England are fed up with Hitler’s crap and war begins
- Blitzkrieg- “Lightning War”- 23 days until Poland is taken; uses tanks and dive bombers
II. Onslaught
-Blitzkrieg
-8 months after both sides do nothing- re-arm
-Finally Hitler begins to invade France
- France had the Maginot Line- Supreme French defense for WWI
- Germany just goes around the Maginot Line
- Miracle of Dunkirk- Bunch of English boats cross the Channel and many troops were able to flee.
- In 6 weeks France was taken.
- Hitler now has conquered just about all of Europe except for Russia and England
- He didn’t want to attack England because he knew that they had the best fleets- similar to Napoleon
-1939- Battle of Britain
- Bombardment of Britain mainly to destroy London
- Churchill sends some bombers to Belgium
- Really pisses off Hitler
- American Politics at this time
- FDR runs against Welman Walkey
- Walkey accuses FDR of being a war monger
HELL’S BATTLEFIELD
I. Home Front
A. Stats
- U.S. Military- 16 million
- Tax Returns: 1939-4 million; 1945-50 million people file for tax returns
- Nat’l Debt: 1941-49 billion; 1945-259 billion
B. Isolation
-America is still in full force
-Sept. 7, 1941- PEARL HARBOR- United the Country
-O.W.M.- Gov’ts response to the war
-W.P.M.- War Production Board- factories began to shift from civilian products to war products
- Certain foodstuffs were saved for soldiers
-1942-1945- Hardly any cars manufactured
-Science becomes more involved- the atom bomb
-Southern blacks flee north
-Race riots common
-West coast becomes heavily industrialized for war
-Southwest somewhat replaces the Northwest
-Japanese-American Internment
-Japanese-Americans were rounded up-mainly on West Coast- and sent to internment camps in Mojave desert
-Almost 110,000 Japanese in the camps
II. European Theatre of War
- Even though Japan bombed U.S., America saw Germany as major threat
- Atlantic Charter/Treaty-Between USA and BRITAIN- Basis for U.N.
- America was mainly fighting Germany but fought Japan left-handed
- 1941-Hitler broke his pact with the Soviet Union and tries to invade Russia
- Spring of 1941- Hitler invades Russia and gets pretty far
- 1942- 3 Main Events
- We take Control of the Atlantic- take out Germany’s U-Boats
- In N. Africa- El Alamein- Rommel “Desert Fox” vs. Montgomery
- Monty wins-last battle won by Brits w/o American help
- Stalingrad- Russia vs. Germany- lasts for 9 months
- Soviet Union lost about 3 million men
- Germany’s supply lines are cut-left with nothing; they surrender
- After 1942 the war turns and the Allies regain control
- 1943- Montgomery and Patton invade Italy itself
- 1944, June 6- D-Day- About 6,000 Americans dead
- 1944-1945- Battle of the Bulge- pretty much the end of the war
- 1945- May 8; VE DAY
II. Pacific Theatre
- Island Hopping
- Leap from island to island cutting their supply lines
-1942- Midway- 4 Japanese aircraft carriers destroyed; big victory
- Iwo Jima and Guadalcanal- 2 major battles
-1944- Okinawa- Japan used Kamikaze pilots
-America fears the loyalty and fierceness of Japan
-August 6, 1945- Atom Bomb dropped by USA on Hiroshima; about 80,000 die
-August 9, 1945- Atom Bomb dropped by USA on Nagasaki; about 60,000 die
- August 14, 1945- VJ DAY
THE 50’S
I. McCarthyism
-Communism – Soviets wanted to take over the world w/communism
-Smith Act – 1940? – Made it illegal to attempt to overthrow the gov’t or join a group to attempt to overthrow gov’t
-Unconstitutional
-Jailed American communists
-HUAC – House of Un-American Activities Committee – 1947
-Alger Hiss – state department official – accused by Richard Nixon of being a communist spy
-Spends 5 yrs in jail for perjury
-Made Nixon of big deal person
-Period of hysteria
-People had to take loyalty pledges – teachers, gov’t officials, etc
-Couldn’t own socialist books (gov’t officials)
-Couldn’t see foreign films (gov’t officials)
-McCarthy comes up w/a list of Commies in America
-He held a lot of hearings accusing (falsely) many people of being communist
-Accuses – the U.S. Army of being full of communists – oversteps his limit – he gets shut down in 70 to question vote by congress
-The red scare mellows out, but is not gone
-Things that keep the Red Scare alive
-The Rosenberg’s – give atomic bomb technology to Soviets
-Sputnik – first satellite in space
II. Truman Presidency
-Democrat – FDR Vice President
-The Fair Deal
-Put in concrete all the things that Roosevelt did w/the new deal
-Keeps the parts that are good
-1948 – The democratic party splits
-1948 election - Three democrats:
-Wallace (progressive democrats)
-Truman (real democrat)
- Thurmond (democrats)
-Republicans run Dewey
-Everyone thought that Dewey would win due to the democratic split
III. Eisenhower Era
-“Baby Boom” 45-61.5 million babies born
-U.S. became 41% wealthy, 6% population
-Europe was destroyed & we weren’t (we rebuild Europe & get rich)
-The G.I. bill: government program that pays college tuition for veterans
-Almost all were white
-When white soldiers returned they moved to suburbs
-Many new communities are created around the automobile
-So much more to buy (T.V.)
-There is a shift in political power: southern politicians become presidents (South sunbelt; north sunbelt)
- Brown vs. Board of Ed. (1954)
-Black girls are not allowed in elementary school-argued by Marshall
- Blacks win, separate & not equal
