The important point in a logistic chain is the transportation that connects the separated activities. Transportation is jointing between stages in the supply chain. In other words, it is the way to move product from manufacturing to the final consumers and vice versa.
This research focused on:
Development of logistic
The role of transportation in supply chain
Modes of transportation
Transportation infrastructure and policies
Discussions and conclusions
Development of logistic Definition
“Part of the supply chain process that plans, implements, and controls the efficient, effective forward and reverse flow and storage of goods, services, and related information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet customers’ requirements.” (Sreenivas & Srinivas).
In other words, the process connects all of the means of providing raw materials to, from the company, and to suppliers of transmission products. It depends more on the provision of logistics from raw materials to the network such as the transfer process, material handling from the beginning to the end of production and the sale, disposal of waste, and add customer to increase the competitiveness of the market. In general, the optimum utilization of investigative meet the demands of customers of any goods or services must provide the information to provide that service in addition to benefiting from the network to meet customer requirements in a timely manner.
Either, “Council of Logistics Management (1991) defined that logistics is part of the supply chain process that plans, implements, and controls the efficient, effective forward and reverse flow and storage of goods, services, and related information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet customers’ requirements’. Johnson and Wood is
definition (cited in Tilanus, 1997) uses ‘five important key terms’, which are logistics,
inbound logistics, materials management, physical distribution, and supply-chain
management, to interpret. Logistics describes the entire process of materials and products
moving into, through, and out of firm. Inbound logistics covers the movement of material
received from suppliers. Materials management describes the movement of materials and
components within a firm. Physical distribution refers to the movement of goods outward
from the end of the assembly line to the customer. Finally, supply-chain management is
somewhat larger than logistics, and it links logistics more directly with the user’s total
communications network and with the firm’s engineering staff” (YUE, TSENG, & TAYLOR, 2005)
The role of transportation in supply chain
I mentioned in the beginning of my papers the transportation is referring to the movement of any product from one location to another.
Transport refers to the movement of products from one place to another and that the beginning of the supply chain in dealing with customers. Where is the new vision and wide in the work of transport, including supply chain management and logistics, and procurement. The cost of shipping and transport, for example, arrived in shipping and transport costs in the United States almost 6% of gross domestic product.
Many manufacturers and retailers were able to use the state in managing the supply chain to reduce inventory and storage costs, with the possibility of delivery to the client quickly.
Any successful supply chain linked to the use of a large and adequate transportation. For example, Wal-Mart has been used effectively respond to the transportation system to reduce overall costs. In developing countries, Wal-Mart is running across the docking, a process in the product that is exchanged between the trucks so that each truck to go to a retail store and product suppliers a different form.
At the same time, the exponential growth in shipment from China to create opportunities for bottlenecks on both. That is where many leading companies that having invested in the purchase of large offices in China, India, and elsewhere.
From this point shows that are two keys players in any means of transport that takes place within the supply chain. Shipper is the party, which requires the movement of product between two points in the supply chain. Carrier is the party who moves or transports the product. For example, when Dell uses UPS to ship the computers from the factory to the customer, Dell is the shipper and UPS is the carrier.
Transportation in supply chain cost
Chopra and Meindle stated for two kinds of transportation cost:
Inbound transportation costs are the costs that included the bringing material into a facility.
Outbound transportation costs are the costs that sending material out of a facility.
The relationship between both is the outbound transportation cost per unit is higher than inbound costs because the inbound is typically larger. (Chopra & Meindle, 2007,p78).
They also mintioned increasing the number of facilities can decrease total transportation cost, which refer to the figure
Modes of transportation
The supply chains follow combination modes of transportation following:
Air fright logistic (air)
Airfreight logistics is very important in industries and services to complete the supply chain and functions. Where they provide with the speed of delivery, as well as a reduced risk of damage, security, flexibility and ease of access to good views of the ordinary, but the disadvantage is the high courier fees. Reynolds, Feighan (2001) and said air cargo logistics is selected 'when the value per unit weight and relatively high speed of delivery is an important factor. The properties of airfreight logistics in the following:
(1) aircraft, airports and separated. Therefore, the industries only need to prepare aircraft for its operation.
(2) it allows for faster delivery in long-haul destinations.
(3) air freight transport is not affected by the terrain.
The data indicate that the transport of goods in the market continues to grow. There is a view of the directions of global markets and logistics and air cargo also to change their services. Future directions for the development of airfreight, and integration with other transport modes, and the internationalization of the coalition, and the integration of the airlines and the pattern of the future of logistics, and air freight to cooperate with other modes of transport. Such as sea and land transport, to provide service on the base just in time, and transport from door to door. (YUE, TSENG, & TAYLOR, 2005)
Land logistic (truck, rail, water, and pipeline)
Land logistics is considered very important in the logistics activities. They are providing services for air transport and maritime transport from airports and ports. Additional logistical capacity, the positive ground is the high-level access in the wild. The major means of transport logistics land transport by rail, road transport and pipeline transport.
For rail transport to and comparative jeopardy of high endurance capacity, the less the impact of climatic conditions, and low power consumption, but that the disadvantages of high cost of basic facilities and the difficulty in the cost of maintenance, with the lack of flexibility of the pressing demands, and time-consuming in the organization of railroad cars. As for the transfer of land, he has the advantages of investment funds cheaper, and ease of access is high, and the mobility and availability. On the other hand, Disadvantages, low capacity, low and safety, and slow. The advantages of pipeline transportation of high capacity, less the impact of climatic conditions, and cheaper the process of drawing, and the continuation of the means of transport; disadvantages of costly infrastructure and the difficulty of control, goods, specialization, and needs regular maintenance.
The excessive use of road transport also brings many problems, such as traffic congestion, pollution and traffic accidents. In the future, to improve road transport in the transport efficiency and reliability, a revolution in the field of transport policy and management is required, for example, pricing. (YUE, TSENG, & TAYLOR, 2005)
Package carriers
Package carriers are transportation copmanies such as FedEx, The United States Postal Service (USPS), and the Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS), The package can be small because the backage cariers use air and should weight about 150 pounds, also package carriers are expensive and cannot compete with less than truckload carriers on price for large shipments. Thus, shippers use package carriers for small and time sensitive shipments. Package carriers also pickup the package from the source and deliver it to the destination site. With an increase in just in time (JIT) deliveries and focus on inventory reduction, demand for package carriers has grown. (Chopra & Meindle, 2007. P389)
For example, the goal of DHL is nothing less than to transform the logistics industry and to deliver beyond our customers' expectations wherever and whenever they need us - by offering the most comprehensive suite of services and becoming the only genuine one-stop source for logistics solutions, globally.
The supply chain in package carrier for DHL express is the flow of goods, within information and finance. It starts by sourcing raw materials which content semi-finished goods, that are scheduled and transported into factories to be made into finished products (see Diagram up). Then pass through warehouses or distribution centres and are delivered to retailers, wholesalers or direct to consumers' homes or business premises. Finally, aftermarket activities involve the maintenance and repair, or the return and recycling, of products at the end of their life. Supply chain planning optimises overall flows and inventories, by balancing resources with demand at all stages. (DHL)
Transportation infrastructure and policies
The transportation is infrastructure that means roads, seaports, airports, rail, and canal. All these exist along nodes and links of transportation network. All countries are taken responsibility a significant role in building and managing these infrastructure elements. The transportation and infrastructure focuses on operational and policy issues within transportation and infrastructure areas that affect logistics operations.
Discussions
How can quickly deliver products to consumers with a common consensus on the control operators?
That the integration of logistics services and e-business is the current trend is currently in some companies. In order to obtain position that is more beneficial and building a complementary relationship, which is its reliance on networks and industries, such as Yahoo and E-Bay, and often cooperate with the logistics industry. Integration can reduce the middle-level procedures. For example, producers can immediately provide products to more customers of the station. To reduce costs by more efficiently. Besides, companies do not have to take inventory and warehouse costs only, and therefore it becomes a modern industry of the lower cost and more efficient division of specialization. For example, customers can obtain an order of goods shops. Through E-logistics, and the state of competition in industries could be promoted in the knowledge economy.
Moreover, to promote business activities should include transport systems in various stages. The integration between different applications is to provide comfort through the promotion of the system of information flow and business processes. For consumers and businesses can make more efficient and easier than through the assistance of e-commerce and the Internet. With physical delivery, still rely on the transportation system to end processes. The cost of transport may be one-third of the cost of logistics. At the same time, transport systems and techniques required in almost every activity of logistics services. And therefore the reform of patterns of business for consideration in transport systems.
Conclusion
I have tried to cover papers on the part of the scope of logistics activities of transportation systems and attempts to determine the role of transport in transport systems and logistics. Knowing that is the most of the major contents of the research include a review of the development of logistics services, operations and personalities from different transport activities, logistics, and logistics applications in various fields, and logistics city, and the future direction in the development of logistics services, and cooperation with the transport regulations.
To summarize, logistics, transport, and some importance in the supply chain must be. First, the transport system and supply have a more and more important in our society. Next, transport and transport systems, logistics and interrelationships that the needs of logistics management and transportation of the implementation of its activities at the same time, it can be to the success of the transport system and supply help to improve traffic and transport, environment and development. Third, as it contributes the highest transport costs among the relevant elements of logistics systems, and improve the efficiency of transport can alter the overall performance of the transportation system and supply. Final, play and transport an important role in the logistics system and activities appear in the various sections of logistics services. Without linking transportation and logistics, services cannot be a powerful strategy to bring its full play.
Review of the Transport and Logistics in a broad sense may help to integrate the benefits of different applications of cases to overcome the disadvantages of the present. On the other hand, Review of the transport systems and provides a clear idea on the applications in transportation logistics. The development of logistics services will still be active in the following decades and logistics that can be applied in other areas.
References
(2007). Supply chain driners and metrics. In S. Chopra, & P. Meindle, Supply Chain Management "3rd edition" (pp. 53, 78). Ch 3, Ch13.
DHL. (n.d.). Retrieved Dec 13, 2009, from DHL: www.DHL.com
Logistics, I. S. (n.d.). Retrieved Nov 11, 2009, from infor: http://www.infor.com/solutions/scm/transportation/
Rosenau Transport Gains Real-Time. (2009, Dec 07). Retrieved Dec 12, 2009, from Logistic Today: http://logisticstoday.com/logistics_services/rosenau-transport-realt-time-visibility-customers-1207/
Sreenivas, M., & Srinivas, T. The Role of Transportation in Logistics Chain.
YUE, W. L., TSENG, Y.-y., & TAYLOR, M. A. (2005). The Role of Transportation in Logistic Chain. South Australia.
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