Motion notes
MOTION SUMMARY Kinematics Distance is how far an object has travelled without worrying about direction. Position is the distance and direction from an arbitrary zero - a convenient place to start measuring. Displacement is the final position minus the initial position. Average speed equals total distance travelled divided by the time taken to move. Av. speed is the constant speed needed to cover the given distance in the same time. To convert kilometers per hour to metres per second, multiply by 1000 and divide by 3600. To convert kilometers per hour to metres per second, divide by 3.6. To convert metres per second to kilometers per hour, multiply by 3.6. Instantaneous speed is the speed at one instant in time. The instantaneous speed is the gradient of a distance versus time graph. Velocity is the speed plus the direction of motion of the object. The instantaneous velocity is the gradient of a position or displacement versus time graph. When acceleration is constant, the average velocity is equal to the initial velocity plus the final velocity divided by 2. When the acceleration is constant, the average speed and the instantaneous speed are the same at the mid point in time. Average acceleration is the constant rate of change in velocity that will cause the same change in velocity to occur in the given time. Average acceleration equals the final velocity
An Investigation into Ball bearings different speeds and surface areas, through glycerine.
An Investigation into Ball bearings different speeds and surface areas, through glycerine. Myself and my experiment partner recorded some times of metal ball bearings passing through Glycerine, a type of oil. There were nine different ball bearings used, ranging from a minute diameter of 1.45 mm to a large 24.92. Three different times were recorded for each ball bearing. From my knowledge I know that if an object has the same density as the liquid it is in, then it will not sink or float, but stay still, just as the liquid will. I therefore predict that, the larger the ball bearing, the faster it will pass through the Glycerine. However, there is one slight drawback to this statement. The tube filled with the glycerine only has a circumference of about 24 or 25 cm. This means that after the diameter of the ball bearings become larger than about ten or eleven cm, then the time taken to pass through the Glycerine of seventy cm, will increase. This owes to the fact that if the ball bearing is so large that the liquid, glycerine, cannot pass it, easily. Ball bearing [large] Liquid has to squeeze past the ball bearing Plastic container tube The liquid substance [Glycerine] To carry out this experiment we used the measurements in millimetres and centimetres. The amount of time was measured in seconds, not to minute's e.g. 125.83 SECONDS. We used stopclocks to
To do a investigation in which to find out if increasing the number of turns on the coil will increase the magnetism.
Aim To do a investigation in which to find out if increasing the number of turns on the coil will increase the magnetism Predication Magnetic field is an area of magnetism around a magnet, which is made of magnetic field lines. You can see the shape of the field lines if you put some paper over a magnet and sprinkle some iron filings onto the paper. If you put a compass on a field line then it points in the direction of the line. An electromagnet is a coil of wire with electricity flowing through it. This electric current turns the coil into a magnet with a magnetic field of exactly the same shape as a bar magnet. The good thing about an electromagnet is that you can turn it off if you switch off the current flowing through it, unlike a bar magnet. If you want to make the electromagnet stronger (in which we do) then you need to put an IRON bar through the middle of the coils. This increases its strength greatly. The bar must not be made of steel because steel keeps its magnetism and so you would not be able to turn the magnet off. You can also make an electromagnet stronger by increasing the number of turns or by increasing the current flowing through it. We trough that may be if you double the number of turns it may double the magnetism Equipment Iron bar Scissor Power pack Wire Wire cutters Meathod First of all we set the investigation up at five
Aims: 1. To record changes in species composition from a grassland to a woodland.2. To record changes in height of the ground at metre intervals
Ecological Survey Of Succession Aims: . To record changes in species composition from a grassland to a woodland. 2. To record changes in height of the ground at metre intervals. Variables: Dependent Variable - The number of different plant species, I will measure this by placing a 0.5 x 0.5m quadrat on the ground. Independent Variable - Holy Cross field to Duxbury woods. Fixed - Quadrat area Distance between quadrats Prediction: I predict that in the field there will be less variation and more dominant species due to interference by man. In the wood there will be more variation and less dominant species, therefore, the rate of succession in the wood will be more obvious than on the field because of less human interference. Apparatus: * 0.5 x 0.5m quadrat frame * 2 canes * 1m rule * Spirit level * Tape measure * Light string * Toilet roll tubes * Identification keys Method: I will find a area of the field which leads into the wood then I will place my tape measure from the field into the wood, then at every 1m interval for 20m I will drop the quadrat frame by the tape measure. In each quadrat, I will identify the species of plant in it with an identification key, then estimate the percentage of which it covers and record it. After I have successfully done this, I will stand in the quadrat frame, look up through the toilet roll tube, and calculate
Particle accelerators are used to study matter and energy.
ACCELERATORS Introduction Particle accelerators are used to study matter and energy. They accelerate charged particles through an electric field in an evacuated tube. The particles collide into a target or another particle. The collision point is in a detector, which records how the particles collide. All accelerators use a strong magnetic field to move particles. They all have the same three main parts: * A source of particles or ions * A tube pumped to a vacuum * A way of speeding up the particles. The three main types are: * cyclotron (spiral) * synchrotron (circular) * linear (linac) Cyclotron A cyclotron is a resonance accelerator. It has of two large dipole magnets which produce a semi-circular region of magnetic field. An oscillating voltage is applied to produce an electric field across the gap between the 2 semicircles. Particles are injected into the magnetic field region. They go in a semicircular path until they reach the gap. Then the electric field in the gap accelerates the particles. The particles have higher energy so follow a semicircular path with larger radius. The electric field frequency must be just right to accelerate the particles. Synchrotron A synchrotron is a circular accelerator which has 'electromagnetic resonant cavities' placed at regular intervals around a ring to accelerate the particles. Particles pass through each
To determine e/m of an electron experimentally
Tare-sang Nam Physics 102 11/26/02 Physics Lab Determination of e/m of an Electron . Purpose To determine e/m of an electron experimentally 2. Procedure Prepare an electron-accelerator. Place it between Helmholts Coils, which produces a uniform magnetic field. The electron-accelerator creates a potential difference, v, which speeds up a negatively charged electron to . This moving charge experiences a force while it is traveling through a magnetic field; especially, when it travels through a uniform magnetic field with its velocity vector perpendicular to the field, the moving electrons experience centripetal force. It causes the circular motion of the moving electrons. Observe this phenomenon, and record the voltage applied to the accelerator and the radius of the circle along which these electrons are moving. 3. Data R (m) R2 (m2) V (volt) 0.050 0.0025 21 0.055 0.0030 39 0.059 0.0034 61 0.062 0.0039 82 0.057 0.0032 50 0.053 0.0028 29 0.060 0.0036 70 4. Mathematical Formulas and Equations where v = the voltage that accelerates electrons a = the radius of the coils N = the number of turns on each coil µ = 4?*10-7 I = the current through the coils R = the radius of the circle inside the tube 5. Graph 6. Calculations I. Given the formula, II. Using the
Electromagnetic Induction
AIM To determine some conditions under which a magnetic effect will produce an electric effect; and to study the factors which affect the induction of a current in a conductor. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Experiments with magnetic fields show that an electric current in a wire has a magnetic field associated with it. If an electric effect can produce a magnetic effect, maybe the reverse may also be true, i.e. a magnetic effect may produce an electric current. APPARATUS * Ballistic galvanometer * Horseshoe magnet * Bar magnets * Leads * Wired metal rod * Induction coils * 60 microamp galvanometer METHOD . The coil was connected to a Microammeter. The N pole of the magnet was inserted into the solenoid and a description was recorded. 2. The magnet was held stationary in the solenoid. A description of the results was recorded. 3. The N pole was withdrawn from the solenoid and a description was recorded. 4. Steps 1-3 were repeated with different speeds. 5. Steps 1-4 were repeated with a magnet of a different strength. 6. All observations were recorded. RESULTS Motion of magnet Galvanometer needle North pole in Remained at zero Stationary Momentarily moved to right hand side North pole out Momentarily moved to left hand side North pole in Magnitude of induced current (microamperes) Stationary 0 Slow 0.2 Fast 0.6 Strength of magnet Magnitude of
Investagate the strength of an electromagnet
Aim The aim of the experiment is to investagate the strength of an electromagnet Introduction An electromagnet is a coil of wire wound on a soft iron core. Unlike refrigerator or bar magnets, electromagnets use electricity to generate a magnetic field. In addition, electromagnets give us the ability to turn the magnetic field on or off as we need. To make an electromagnet, you need electricity (usually supplied by a battery or a larger power source) and something for that electricity to flow through (wire coils, for example). Sometimes, the wire of an electromagnet is wound around a metal rod to increase the magnetic field strength. The electromagnet was discovered in 1820 by a man named Oersted.He accidentally discovered that a wire with electricity running though it made a compass deflect from the Earth's North Pole. In fact, the compass needle was perpendicular to the direction of the electric flow. That meant that the electricity flowing in the wire generated its own magnetic field that was disrupting the nearby compass! Since then, scientists have found many ways to use electricity to generate magnetic fields and for magnets to make electricity. Oersted observed what we now call the "right-hand rule." The right-hand rule states that if you make a fist, when you point your right-hand thumb in the direction of electric flow, the rest of your fingers curl in the direction
Physics Spring Coursework
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