Aluminium is a lightweight, silvery metal.
Materials Presentation Aim I have decided to investigate about a common well-used material in everyday life all over the world, Aluminium. Introduction. In 1808 Sir Humphrey Davy proposed the name ALUMIUM for the metal. This rather unwieldy name was soon replaced by ALUMINUM and later the word ALUMINIUM was adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists in order to conform with the "ium" ending of most elements. By the mid-1800s both spellings were in use, indeed Charles Dickens commented at the time that he felt both names were too difficult for the masses to pronounce! Aluminium is the most common metallic element on earth, making up about 8% of the earth's crust, concentrated in the outer 16 km. Only oxygen and silicon are more abundant. Evolution of life and human civilisation has developed in an aluminium rich environment. It is the most widely used non-ferrous metal today. Aluminium never occurs in its metallic form in nature. It occurs in various forms in most rocks and soils and is also present in gemstones like topaz and garnet. It can be found in vegetation and in all of the earth's water. Aluminium is also present in all clays, so it has been a constituent of cooking vessels since earliest civilisations. The naturally occurring forms of aluminium are usually stable and do not interact with the biological processes of living organisms. Under
The Dingle Hotel wants to create different materials to promote their new website.
Analysis The Dingle Hotel wants to create different materials to promote their new website. They require: * A new logo * A new letterhead * A promotional leaflet * An advert to be displayed in the local, national and international press * A poster to be displayed around the local area * A new business card * Compliment slips To solve the problem I will use a desk-top publishing package to create the all the various pieces of promotional material required by the company. Analysis of the software is in the Software section below. Output will be all the finished products listed above. The promotional material is intended to be distributed to past customers who are on the hotel's database, as well as businesses within the UK and Ireland. These can be easily selected using a business directory. Research will need to be carried out to determine what sort of material is currently produced by companies such as the Dingle Hotel and what types of material are businesses attracted by. To test that the promotional material is effective, I will create a questionnaire that asks people (both the user and selected members of their target audience-see process plan below) questions about how effective they think the promotional material is, and what could be done to improve its effectiveness. My promotional material will require the following information to be inputted: *
Materials in sport
Materials in sport Ceramics are any inorganic non-metallic material. Examples of ceramics can be from table salt to clay (complex silicate) some scientists say that ceramics must also be crystalline. This means that the molecules of the material are arranged in a regular pattern. The materials that are inorganic non-metallic but do not have a crystalline structure are called amorphous. An everyday example of an amorphous material is glass. This ranges from glass in bottles to the high purity glass in optical fibres Some useful properties of ceramics are: high melting points, low density, high strength, stiffness, hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance. Many ceramics are good electrical and thermal insulators. Certain ceramics have special properties. Some are magnetic or super conductors. Ceramics do have one major draw back; they are very brittle Traditional ceramics are materials such as clay, talc, and porcelain that make products like pottery, bricks and containers for food. Engineered ceramics are materials including silicon and aluminium nitride that make products such as sensors dental restoration and artificial bone implants. Metals Metals can be separated into two groups, these are pure metals and metal alloys, pure metals are single elements from the periodic table. Iron and copper are examples of pure metals. Metal alloys are a combination of
To design and build a mousetrap powered car that can travel the furthest distance possible over a flat surface in a relatively short period of time.
Situation The Good Shepherd Lutheran College requires a mousetrap-powered car to be designed and built for a Grade 12-assessment piece. The mousetrap car distance achiever must be designed to go the furthest distance possible using a medium sized mousetrap and any other materials needed. A test will then be carried out over a flat floor and higher marks will be awarded to the further the mouse trap racer goes, whilst taking into consideration the time it takes to go the distance. Design Brief To design and build a mousetrap powered car that can travel the furthest distance possible over a flat surface in a relatively short period of time. Constraints Compared to a large mousetrap or rattrap, the power from the mousetrap is limited because only a medium sized mousetrap can be used. There is a time limit of 6 lessons to build and design the mousetrap car; this limits the amount of time for testing and modifications both before and after the prototype has been built. Investigation When designing a mousetrap racer there are a few things that are needed to be successful. Friction, aerodynamics and size all need to be taken into careful consideration when designing the car. Friction will generally only occur between the wheels, pulleys and axels if used and when designing something to go far and fast friction is not wanted. To make sure that excess friction doesn't occur,
Manufacturing plan of frame of chess set.
Manufacturing plan of frame of chess set The wood should first measured with a rule and marked at the points corresponding to the lengths shown in the final design. Using a square, the lines which have been marked should then be checked to ensure that all of the angles at the corners are 90o. This guarantees that the pieces of wood are now perfect rectangles; this is a very important starting point for an accurately made product. This is associated with quality control. Then, using a band saw and following the marked out lines it should be cut down to the correct size; this should be repeated for all of the four pieces of mahogany. In industry, CAM could be used to complete this task and the measurements would only need to be entered once into the computer, which would then cut the wood accurately without the need for marking and checking each one. The quality control here would be carried out on a sample of the final cut piece of wood before cutting them in bulk. This will obviously not be possible or necessary in my situation and performing the same task in the way I have described will take around an hour. Then, after the wood is cut to the appropriate size, the next step in the manufacture would be to make the comb joints. On one of the sections of wood, on one end, the wood must be marked at regular intervals using a geometrical method of dividing the line. These
What are nanomaterials?
What are nanomaterials Nanomaterials (nanocrystalline materials) are materials possessing grain sizes on the order of a billionth of a meter. They manifest extremely fascinating and useful properties, which can be exploited for a variety of structural and non-structural applications. All materials are composed of grains, which in turn comprise many atoms. These grains are usually invisible to the naked eye, depending on their size. Conventional materials have grains varying in size anywhere from 100's of microns (µm) to millimeters (mm). A micron (µm) is a micrometer or a millionth (10-6) of a meter. An average human hair is about 100 µm in diameter. A nanometer (nm) is even smaller a dimension than a µm, and is a billionth (10-9) of a meter. A nanocrystalline material has grains on the order of 1-100 nm. The average size of an atom is on the order of 1 to 2 angstroms (Å) in radius. 1 nanometer comprises 10 Å, and hence in one nm, there may be 3-5 atoms, depending on the atomic radii. Nanocrystalline materials are exceptionally strong, hard, ductile at high temperatures, wear-resistant, erosion-resistant, corrosion-resistant, and chemically very active. Nanocrystalline materials, or nanomaterials, are also much more formable than their conventional, commercially available counterparts. Nanomaterials research literally exploded in mid-1980's in the U. S.
ORMOCER®s - A new class of polymeric material.
ORMOCER(r)s - A new class of polymeric material . Introduction The field of polymer science is one of the most important areas of modern materials research. Much of the technological progress of the last century has been dependent on the development of new materials with specialized properties, and the majority of these new substances are polymers. A polymer is defined as a substance consisting of long chains of much smaller repeating units known as monomers. There are many naturally occuring polymers, including the molecule fundamental to life itself, DNA, which consists of long chains of bases known as nucleotides. However the great majority of polymers used commercially are man-made, being synthesised by the direct polymerisation of the starting monomers. One of the simplest examples of a synthetic polymer is familiar by name to everyone: polythene, or polyethylene. This is formed by the linking of a large number of discrete molecules of ethylene, C2H4, into long hydrocarbon chains. Fig 1. Scheme showing the polymerization of n molecules of ethylene into a polyethylene chain of n repeat units. As can be seen, polythene is formed from a single type of monomer, ethylene, and it is termed a homopolymer. Polymers formed from the polymerization of more than one type of monomer are called copolymers. Materials of this second class are particularly important because their
TENSILE TESTING OF METALS
TENSILE TESTING OF METALS Aim: The aim of the experiment is to determine the behaviour in tension of metallic materials. Depending on the material and the production method used to produce the test piece various kinds of responses are possible in extension to the applied load. Introduction: The tensile test provides an estimate of the strength and ductility of metal materials. The test is carried out on a small sample of material according to BS 18 Methods for tensile testing of metals. It should be noted that the results obtained can only be used as a guide to the performance of the material as a whole. The following experiment was designed to determine some of the mechanical characteristics of various materials. These included the stress strain characteristics, such as Young's Modulus, yield strength and tensile strength. I will use the theory of material science to help explain the properties of our samples, and predict the outcome of the results and then compare this to what actually happened once the test is complete. I will take into account how carbon has affected the properties of steel and as has alloying to Aluminum. A lot can be learnt about a substance from tensile testing. By pulling on something, it is possible to determine (very quickly) how the material will react to forces being applied in tension. As the material is being pulled, it is easy to find
Design Technology Investigation. Guiding question: How can I make a lampshade that has an aesthetic function to its environment?
DT Investigation Daniel Abarshi IT10a Topic: Lampshades Area of Interaction: Human Ingenuity Why this AOI: Because my goal for this project is to learn how to create a lampshade and to decide what function it should have. I also have to reflect on the consequences my lampshade might have to its environment. Guiding question: How can I make a lampshade that has an aesthetic function to its environment? Client: Mr. Nijdam - the father of Joost Nijdam. Interview with my client Good afternoon, Where could you use a lampshade? I could use a lampshade in my workspace as I currently have no lampshade and wherever it is quite dark I would always have to strain my eyes or put my glasses on to be able to work. How often do you use your bureau? Quite often, as I do not work at an office all the manual work that is done by me, is done at my work desk. Would you prefer a standing light, or hanging? I would prefer a standing light so I could just put it on the table, a hanging light would not be so convenient, in my opinion. What type of design would you prefer? Maybe something work-related, as I am a sommelier (wine expert). What function would you want this lampshade to have? Of course it would be nice just as an extra to my workplace, but its ultimate function would be to improve my working capacity by enlightening my work area. My clients workspace
Carbon Fibre chemistry assignment.
CARBON FIBRE CHEMISTRY ASSIGNMENT Properties: Carbon Fibre is one of the most useful organic materials known to man. Carbon Fibre is used for its strength to weight ratio. It is extremely strong and weighs very little. Carbon Fibres may also join with other materials to make many compounds that all have very practical applications. These are called Hybrid Composites. One of the most useful and widely used of these composites is fibreglass, which is made by adding glass fibres to carbon fibres. The outcome is a strong lightweight material that is used to build boat hulls, eskies and many other useful items. Other materials made from carbon fibres are some fabrics and some plastics. Preparation: Carbon Fibres can be made from two different raw materials. The first is where the fibre is made from the precursors material PITCH. This method is rarely used due to the fact that the end fibre is not as strong as the other type of fibres. Since this method is very rarely used, the focus of the assignment will be on the second method, where Acrylonitrile is used as the raw material to make PAN fibres (Polyacrylonitrile fibres). The process to manufacture carbon fibres is done usually in four stages. . Oxidation 2. Carbonisation 3. Surface Treatment 4. Sizing . Oxidation The first stage is where PAN fibres are heated to 300°C. During this stage hydrogen evolves from the