Mental Imagery in Sports
Sports psychology deals with the functions and nature of the mind. The strong connection between mental and physical are essential in any sport for success. In order to consistently sustain and maintain athletic performance as well as improve and motivate, an athlete must train both body and mind (http://www.faqs.org/sports-science/Sc-Sp/Sport-Psychology.html ). For my chosen sport, tennis, I will discuss the various mental aspects which the sport involve and how they affect my performance. An analysis of my current skill level, strengths and weaknesses must be done in order to determine which aspects need improvement. The main focus will be on mental imagery and the various uses of it, in addition to how to use the technique effectively. To asses my current skill level, there is an international ranking system based on the capabilities of the player that coincides to a number ranging from 1 to 10. Here is a brief table of the criteria that relates to my level of play: Table 1: International Tennis Number (ITN) Player Criteria - http://www.itftennis.com Analysing my skill level, I would be at an ITN number of 4 working into 3. My strengths include a fast and mostly consistent first serve ranging from 170 to 190km/h, as well as a difficult to hit second serve due to large amounts of 'kick' or topspin. Other strengths include a big forehand which I am able to generate
btec P.E unit 1
:) JACK OWEN WHOTTON 2/2/2008 Jack Whotton - framwellgate school Durham - Btec first - Mr. Lumb Unit 1 - the body in action The five bodily systems and power presentation The skeleton and its functions The skeletal system has many key functions behind its existence for example; It provides protection for the organs with such bones as the cranium, and the ribs. This is to make sure that when in an accident which could be related to sport or otherwise, the organs such as the lungs, heart and brain are all as well protected as possible. It also provides the body with movement this is done with the combined work between both the skeletal system and muscular system. For example an arm moves when the biceps contract and the triceps relax, this bends the arm upwards towards the shoulders. The skeleton provides the body with shape; this is in the form of bones such as the vertebral column and the pelvic bone. Without this structural element our bodies would simply look like a heap of skin tissue and muscle tissue on the floor, unable to move, unable to protect itself and unable to do pretty much anything. Structure and support; the skeleton provides an amazing amount of support for the vital organs within our bodies. These vital organs are found within the bodies structure itself held in place with a whole network of tissues. As like all of the bodies systems these
First Aid for Sprains and Concussion
________________ “I stand for ice and the application of which should be carefully controlled because simply putting on the area of injury will produce blistering and ice burns, so it should be wrapped in another layer, preferably a damp tea towel. Time should also be kept in mind and about 15mins, frequently, should reduce the swelling in a sprain and ease the pain. Next is “C” for compression which compresses the blood capillaries, allowing the blood flow to the injury to, to be minimal thus making the swelling and inflammation of the sprain and minor as can be. Finally is “E” for elevate. Blood pressure reduces with height as it is lower in our brain than our toes, so the higher the limb is above the heart, the less force there is within the blood vessel at the area of injury, to cause bleeding and worsen the injury. The “RICE” technique consists of 4 procedures that are to be preformed when and where applicable. “R” stands for rest which many sportsmen/women don’t like because many of them believe that they’re fine but actually, by continuing their sporting activity, they force more blood to the site of the
Conduct the Queens Step test (provided) for all 4 students. Record the resting heart rates before commencing test and record recovery rates for five minutes after completion of test. Construct a suitable chart to record all information, including norms.
PDHPE Assessment Task By Alice Sherwood Part A a) Conduct the Queens Step test (provided) for all 4 students. Record the resting heart rates before commencing test and record recovery rates for five minutes after completion of test. Construct a suitable chart to record all information, including norms. Norms chart of step test- exercise pulse: Step test scores Exercise pulse Rating Men Women Boys Girls Very good Good OK Poor Very poor <110 00-124 25-140 41-155 >155 <116 16-130 31-146 47-160 >160 <120 20-130 31-150 51-160 >160 <124 24-134 35-154 55-164 >165 The following line graph shows the results of the pulse rates at resting, after test and every minute of recovery: b) Interpret each student's results and comment on her level of aerobic fitness. Decide which student you determine to be the "least fit" and justify your choice. - Step test: 4 students- Ella, Megan, Taufa, Rafaela Student 1- Ella Ella took part in the step test and had a resting heart rate of 90 beats per min. Immediately after 3 minutes of exercise, from which the body entered the aerobic energy system; her heart rate was 174 beats per min. On the chart of norms, this result is categorised in the very poor zone. After 5 minutes of recovering time, her heart rate was 102 beats per min. Comparing this result to her training program, it is clear that they are
Monitoring Food and Its Effects on the Body
Anatomy and Physiology 2 SBI172 Laboratory Report Introduction The human body is a complex being. Its ultimate goal is to maintain life and to do so it requires macronutrients (food), oxygen, water, appropriate temperature and atmospheric pressure (Marieb & Hoehn 2010). In the human body there are constant use of energy to allow the body to function appropriately. Moreover each day cells undergo constant recycling, where millions are reproduced or regenerated to replace the old or injured cells (Marieb & Hoehn 2010). In order to do so macronutrients are required for the chemical reaction to take place. Henceforth, to maintain a balanced and healthy body, a balanced diet is important according to the research conducted by the National Health and Medical Research Council (2005). There are many macronutrients that contribute to the health of a human being. These include elements includes protein, carbohydrates, fats, and minerals and vitamins (NHMRC 2005). It is known that protein is essential to the body as it provides the body material for growth and repair, whereas carbohydrates provide a rich source of energy. Fats also provide a source of energy but it also contains fat-soluble vitamins, where it provides transportation for fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K around the body. Furthermore it also protects the internal organs by cushioning. Minerals
Circulatory system and blood
Circulatory system and blood On average, your body has about 5 litres of blood continually travelling through it by way of the circulatory system. The blood (red in vertebrates) is pumped by the heart; "blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and carries waste products away. The heart, the lungs, and the blood vessels work together to form the circle part of the circulatory system. The pumping of the heart forces the blood on its journey. The body's circulatory system really has three distinct parts: pulmonary circulation, coronary circulation, and systemic circulation. Or, the lungs (pulmonary), the heart (coronary), and the rest of the system (systemic). Each part must be working independently in order for them to all work together. Respiratory system The primary function of the respiratory system is to supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body. The respiratory system does this through breathing. When we breathe, we inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. This exchange of gases is the respiratory system's means of getting oxygen to the blood. Respiration is achieved through the mouth, nose, trachea, lungs, and diaphragm. Oxygen enters the respiratory system through the mouth and the nose. The oxygen then passes through the larynx (where speech sounds are produced) and the trachea which is a tube that
Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation
Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation Introduction: The aim of the practical was to carry out an exercise to be able to calculate the individuals Lactate threshold and Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation. It is consider that the level of lactate threshold is a good indication of the athletes potential for endurance exercise. It is important not to confuse lactate threshold and onset of blood lactate threshold, as there is a clear difference. The Lactate threshold is as Jones (1997) describes the exercise intensity for which the start of lactate begins to accumulate rapidly in the blood. Wilmore and Costill (1999), mention that it tends to happen above resting levels during increased intensity of exercise. Although the lactate threshold is not always clear, therefore a 'Breaking Point' is used named Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA), claims Astrand and Rodahl (1986). The standard point of reference for the arbitrary value is either 2 or 4 mmols, pointed out by Sjödin and Jacobs (1981). Mader (1976) suggested that predominately 4 mmols lactate per litre of blood would be taken as the arbitrary value in correspondence to anaerobic threshold, OBLA. During this experiment the arbitrary value was 2.5 mmols/L. Lactate threshold is normally expressed by the percentage of maximal oxygen uptake, known as VO2max. It is very beneficial if an athlete is able to exercise at high
Task 4 Mechanisms of Fatigue
Exercise Physiology BTEC Sport and Exercise Science Project Task 4: Mechanisms of Fatigue In this assignment I will be listing the mechanisms of fatigue, including neuromuscular fatigue. I will be listing the role of metabolites, and identifying the role of oxygen and other factors in the recovery process. Neuromuscular fatigue Neural fatigue Neural fatigue means a disruption of neuromuscular events. Fatigue occurs because of a decrease in calcium production. A failure of acetylcholine generation reduces the chance of an action potential. The CNS (central nervous system) may identify fatigue prior to physiological fatigue. This stops you from doing anymore exercise to avoid you from injury, which could be muscle soreness. Muscular fatigue Muscle fatigue means a decrease of muscular performance. It is an inability to maintain the standard power output. Muscle fatigues when there is a depletion of PC stores e.g. sprinting. Therefore there is an accumulation of lactic acid and a decrease in pH. During endurance there is a depletion of energy stores, which are fat and carbohydrates. Carbon dioxide accumulation results in an increase in pH in the blood. During exercise fluid is lost; this could be through sweating, which results in lower blood pressure, and therefore the heart will have to work harder. Little as 2-3% of water loss can reduce a performance.
Temperature regulation practical - Homeostasis.
TEMPERATURE REGULATION PRACTICAL - HOMEOSTASIS Planning A Introduction 'Homeostasis' means 'to maintain the balance' within the body, of the internal environment. The 'internal environment' is the tissue fluid that bathes the cells. This fluid provides oxygen, nutrients, and removes wastes from cells. The conditions of the internal environment which must be maintained within narrow limits are blood pH, oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations, blood glucose concentration, salt content of blood, water balance and temperature. The two systems involved in homeostasis are the endocrine system and nervous system. The brain monitors the temperature of the blood and compares it with a set point, usually close to 37°C. If the blood is lower or higher than the set point, the brain sends messages to parts of the body to make them respond and bring the temperature back to the set point. This is an example of negative feedback. A negative feedback system means that a change of an internal factor causes effectors to restore the internal environment to its original level. It is named so because the response to the change has the opposite effect of the stimulus. During exercise, the rate of aerobic respiration is muscle rises so that there is an increase in the CO2 concentration of the blood. This reduces the pH of the blood and is detected by chemosensors in the walls
Explain the energy requirements of four different types of physical activity.
Josh Keen Unit 1: The Body in Sport Energy Requirements Scenario, As a work experience student at the local gym you have been asked to produce two information posters for the gym users showing: . The energy requirements of 4 different sports. Task. Produce a table to show the calories used in four different sports. (works out the calories used per hour whilst playing) explain why each sport is different. Criteria. M6 Explain the energy requirements of four different types of physical activity. Date set: Date due: Different activities require different amount of energy depending on the amount of muscles you are using. If you are using only three groups of muscles, your body won't need as much energy as it would if you were using five groups of muscles. The way your body gets energy is from what you eat. So if you ate 2000kcal (calories) in a day and you wanted to go swimming you would use 800kcal per hour and the rest which hasn't been burnt off will be transformed into fat and stored as extra energy. In tennis your body requires 510kcal to play each hour (this is how much you burn of in an hour). It also depends on how many muscles you are using and how much effort you are putting in. The condition could also affect the amount of exercise due to wind resistance, water resistance, the terrain and the clothes you are wearing, also it depends on how tall or short