The Negative Impact Of World War 1 On Italy: Weaknesses Of The Liberal State, 1918-20.
The Negative Impact Of World War 1 On Italy: Weaknesses Of The Liberal State, 1918-20 The over-arching problem that Italy faced after the war was that the population was adopting more extreme political views. Society was dividing along many different lines: socialists against conservatives; soldiers against workers; peasants against workers; nationalists against moderate liberals. The Liberal politicians were caught in the middle of this division, their support base eroding as Italians became more extreme in their views - politics was increasingly dominated by forces that favoured different systems of government. Italy gradually became impossible to rule - the Liberals could no longer satisfy everyone - there were too many divisions developing in society. Consequently, by the 1920s, the Liberals were finding it difficult to control events. Other groups such as the socialists, or the nationalists, were increasingly dictating events as the Liberals lacked the support to direct a coherent policy. As Italy became more unstable so even more Italians lost confidence in the Liberal constitutional system. These notes explore how the problems thrown-up by the war reacted together to divide society, reduce Liberal support, and thus make Italy almost impossible for the Liberals to rule. ________________________ The Divisions taking place in Italian Society in simple terms Italian
The colonial factor in the Nigerian civil war (1967-1970)
TOPIC: The colonial factor in the Nigerian civil war (1967-1970) Research question: TO WHAT EXTENT DID THE COLONIAL LEGACY CONTRIBUTE TO CIVIL WAR IN NIGERIA BETWEEN 1967 AND 1970? ABSTRACT Nigeria, one of the biggest British colonies in Africa became independent in 1960, but in 1967, the eastern region seceded and declared itself the republic of Biafra. The result was a three-year bloody civil war between the federal government and the secessionists leading to Biafra's defeat. Reasons put forward for this conflict include religious, tribal, cultural, geographical and economic factors. A school of thought however, believes the civil war resulted from the legacy of the British colonial policy and this essay examines the question HOW RELEVANT WAS THE POLICY OF THE BRITISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT IN THE NIGERIAN CIVIL WAR BETWEEN JULY 1967- JANUARY 1970? The investigation focuses on the developments from three main time periods: the pre-colonial era, the colonial era and the postcolonial era, and examines those structures and legacies that contributed to the conflict. The colonial era appeared to have re-enforced the religious, tribal and historical divisions that existed in the pre-colonial era, added and gave new dimensions to the religious conflict. It also established some of the structure that gave rise to the post-independence economic divisions. The numerous
Slavery in Latin America
slavery in latin america History Early History Before the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th cent., the Araucanians had long been in control of the land in the southern part of the region; in the north, the inhabitants were ruled by the Inca empire. Diego de Almagro, who was sent by Francisco Pizarro from Peru to explore the southern region, led a party of men through the Andes into the central lowlands of Chile but was unsuccessful (1536) in establishing a foothold there. In 1540, Pedro de Valdivia marched into Chile and, despite stout resistance from the Araucanians, founded Santiago (1541) and later established La Serena, Concepción, and Valdivia. After an initial period of incessant warfare with the natives, the Spanish succeeded in subjugating the indigenous population. Although Chile was unattractive to the Spanish because of its isolation from Peru to the north and its lack of precious metals (copper was discovered much later), the Spanish developed a pastoral society there based on large ranches and haciendas worked by indigenous people; the yields were shipped to Peru. During the long colonial era, the mestizos became a tenant farmer class, called inquilinos; although technically free, most were in practice bound to the soil. During most of the colonial period Chile was a captaincy general dependent upon the viceroyalty of Peru, but in 1778 it became a separate
The debate over immigration and French identity is one of the most controversial questions facing contemporary France.
France is a traditional country of immigration. The debate over immigration and French identity is one of the most controversial questions facing contemporary France. Today the extreme right is characterised by a xenophobic, anti-immigrational sentiment that is no longer afraid of expressing itself in the mainstream of french politics and that is quite succesfull at it. The succes of the extreme right today is also the succes of an ideology in wich immigrants are presented as a threat to the french national indentity. The most symbolic representation/expression of that threat in contemporary france is undoubtably the Islamic headscarf. This issue became a public affair in the autumn 1989, when the headmaster of the Lycée Gavriel Havez in Creil announced ihis decision to exclude four pupils from his school for wearing a haedscarf. It took France over a decade to come to a final decision: an official ban on religious symbols and apparrel in public schools took effect on the second of september 2004. In its short history, the ban has been object to internal as well as external tensions. But these certainly know their precedents. Immigration and the problems associated with it are not new. Immigrants have been settling in France for almost 150 years. Ever since, France has known a sizeable contingent of immigrants entering the country in during a few distinguished waves. One of
A Short History of the Basque Country.
A Short History of the Basque Country Archaeological and ethnographic findings indicate that Basque [people] evolved from Cro-Magnon [...] in this area over a period dating from about 40,000 years ago until distinct features were acquired approximately 7,000 years ago. Two thousand years later the sheep, not native to these lands, was introduced and horse and cattle farming came into being, as shown by Adolf Staffe. These circumstances made it necessary for the people to travel periodically and cultural contacts were thus made. This period in the history of the Basque people can only make sense if it is studied in conjunction with the cultures of the surrounding areas, in the basin of the River Ebro and the region of Aquitaine. Jose Miguel de Barandiaran states "This area is of particular importance in Basque archaeology and linguistic history as it coincides with the area of seasonal migration of flocks in search of pastures in the Pyrenees and where Basque place names are found in general." Luis Michelena reports that the Basque language has been spoken by these peoples since around 6,000 B.C. Basque was spoken in the whole of South Aquitaine and eastwards, to inside Catalonia (proved by inscriptions and place names). From the sixth century B.C. Indo-European culture wiped out all the pre-Indo-European languages spoken in Europe up to that time, with the exception of the
J. S. Mill Despre Libertate
John Stuart Mill "Despre Libertate" (1806-1873) Nascut la Pentonville, Londra în 1806 este fiul economistului si filosofului Scotian James Mill si al Harrietei Mill. John Stuart a fost educat de tatal sau, cu sfaturile si ajutorul filosofului utilitarist Jeremy Bentham. A primit o educatie riguroasa si în mod deliberat a fost crescut complet separat de alti copii; a început sa învete greaca la vârsta de trei ani, latina la sapte ani, logica la doisprezece si un curs de economie politica la treisprezece ani. Rezultatul educatiei primite de Mill a fost ambiguu: John a absorbit utilitarismul lui Bentham si al tatalui sau, dar a trecut si printr-o criza profunda la vârsta adolescentei (declansata în 1826). Acest eveniment l-a initiat pe Mill în devenirea sa ca filosof, a lasat la o parte ceea ce el numea "un adevarat sectarianism interior", si a început sa se elibereze de tatal sau, de Bentham si de rationalismul secolului al XVIII-lea, pe care ei îl reprezentau. Influentat de conceptia utilitarista a filosofului Bentham, conceptie publicata în lucrarea "Catechism of Parlamentary Reform", Mill va începe sa studieze sistematic si lucrarea lui David Ricardo, "Despre principiile economiei politice si ale impunerii". În 1820 Stuart Mill viziteaza Franta, unde se întâlneste cu economistul Jean Baptiste Say, precum si cu Saint-Simon. La 15 ani, publica sub numele
The causes and the political and social consequences of the Dreyfus Affair in France
INTRODUCTION TO THE AFFAIR Alfred Dreyfus was born on the ninth of October 1859 in Mulhouse, France. He was the last of the nine children of Jacques Dreyfus and Rachel Katz. In 1872, his family had the choice between French or German nationality after the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine by Germany in 1871. The Dreyfus family chose French nationality and moved to Paris in 1872. At nine, he entered the professional school of Mulhouse, which was reserved for the "bourgeoisie". Alfred Dreyfus entered the "Ecole Polytechnique" in 1878 and became an Artillery Officer and in 1890, he chose to study at the "Ecole de Guerre" and he married Lucie Hadamard. After his studies, he became a trainee captain at the "Etat Major" at the War ministry. Although the Dreyfus family had a good relationship with the Christian French, Alfred Dreyfus' great grand father had been a victim, in 1789, of the Terror, and of the violence against what was regarded as Jewish usury.1 But after the "Serment du jeu de Paume", the National Assembly passed a decree saying that the Jews would be under royal protection and on the 21st of September 1791, the deputies voted for the emancipation of the Jewish population. However, there were still violent acts against the Jews in Alsace. Alfred Dreyfus had no problem with money when he was at school because his father had a big company and when he died, he
What impact did Mao have on the lives of the Chinese people from 1949 in the following areas: economic, social and political
History Coursework - China Question 1 What impact did Mao have on the lives of the Chinese people from 1949 in the following areas: economic, social and political Introduction On October 1st 1949, the Communists proclaimed the existence of a new kind of China - The People's Republic of China. The only remaining part of China under Communist control was the island of Taiwan. The chairman of the Communist Party was Mao Zedong. Two days before the People's Republic of China was announced, Communist Party leaders drew up a common programme that outlined the Party's aims and intentions such as independence, democracy, peace, unity and prosperity. All sorts of problems got in the way of reaching these targets. Previously, there had been three years of civil war, which had left China in a mess. There were millions of peasants with not enough food and the population was rising by 15 million a year. Cities were in chaos and inflation had made the currency worthless. There was also a high level of unemployment. To add to this, there was also the threat of being attacked by the Guomindang in Taiwan. The major problem, however, was how to hold China together as a single, united country. I am going to research the effect Mao had on the Chinese people's lives. Economic Changes Agriculture The first three years of the people's republic were a time of great change for almost all
The Yugoslav idea, the former Yugoslavia and its Social and Geographical Features
The Yugoslav idea, the former Yugoslavia and its Social and Geographical Features This paper deals with the Yugoslav idea, the former Yugoslavia, its social-geographical features, its formation and disintegration. The former Yugoslavia was situated in the central, northern, north-west, and western parts of the Balkan peninsula. Among the geographical wholes in Europe, the Balkan peninsula has the most heterogeneous structure from the physical-geographical, social geographical or any other aspect. Geographical (and also other) features of the Balkan peninsula were classified by J. Cvijic (1865 1927) into three large groups: Euro-Asian group, the group of merging and imbuing, and. the group of isolating and repelling. The Euro-Asian features of the Balkan peninsula originate in physical-geographical and social and geographical contents. The physical-geographical contents are embodied in the origin and geological structure of both the Balkan and Asia Minor peninsulas, in climatic, biogeographical, and other natural contents and features. The Balkan peninsula "...is a geographical and geological mediator between Europe and Asia thanks to several of its specific properties". J. Cvijic points our that the properties of the Balkan Peninsula result from the influences of the civilisations from Asia, Africa, and Europe and that the "...islands and the Aegean shores were the hearths of
Why is corruption so prominent in the contemporary Latin American political scene?
Why is corruption so prominent in the contemporary Latin American political scene? Political corruption can be defined in many different ways but the most widely accepted definition of the term is the abuse of political power for personal gain in a manner that could be deemed as unethical or unfair (1) No country on earth is free from corruption, but the amount and impact it has varies greatly. Traditionally corruption has occurred in poor countries, rates of corruption being much higher in developing countries compared with OECD countries. Latin America, with its many developing states has traditionally been seen as suffering from corruption on a large scale. (2) Corruption is deeply embedded in Latin American political structures although it takes distinctive forms depending on each country's history and bureaucratic traditions, however Huntingdon identifies several factors present in most Latin American states that can be said to briefly explain why corruption prospers in Latin America "Corruption thrives on disorganisation, the absence of stable relationships among groups and of recognised patterns authority...corruption is most prevalent in states which lack effective political parties, in societies where the interests of the individual, the family, the clique or the clan predominate." (3) Corruption has prospered in so many Latin American states due to the