material science unit 2 task 2

Properties:

Chemical properties

Resistant to corrosion

Complex compounds

Very non-reactive

Very high melting point.

Stable over a long time

Physical properties

1. Made of a mixture of non-metals and metallic atoms.
2. Have a lower density than most metals.
3. Stronger than metals.
4. Break easily (very brittle)
5. Low ductility and plasticity.
6. High melting point.
7. They don’t conduct heat or electricity.
8. Erosion resistant
9. Resistant to strong acid and alkali.
10. Very tough and stiff.
11. No deformation.
12. It will not rust.
13. It will not swell up.

Uses:

1. Used to insulate wires.
2. They are also used to make equipments for grinding, polishing or cleaning hard surface areas.
3. Used to insulate places or objects by coating them and keeping them warm.
4. Used for making window glass, TV screens, computer monitors, glass and optical fibres.
5. Applied to resist corrosion.
6. Also used to make capacitors, varistors and transducers.
7. Used to make concrete for high ways and streets.
8. Biocompatible coatings (surgical equipment coatings).
9. Self-lubricating bearings.
10. Magnetic items like tapes or hard disks like floppy disks.
11. Optical wave-guides.
12. Night-vision
13. High dielectric constant.
14. Gas laser tubes. Ballistic armor. Test tubes and beakers, elbow liners.
15. welding system

Examples of oxides that make up ceramics:

Silicon dioxide, aluminium oxide, iron oxide etc…

Mixed metal oxides:

Strontium titanate, magnesium aluminate etc…

Nitrides:

Silicon nitride, Titanium nitride, Aluminium nitride etc…

 Polymers: nylon, polyester, poly (ethane), Lycra

Structure:

Polymers are made from a long chain of monomers, e.g. Vinyl chloride: the bond is broken and new bonds are formed which makes this same molecule repeat itself and make a long chain. The length of the chain depends on the materials and the conditions that the polymer is made in, polymers bond through covalent bonding.

Composition:

Polymers are composed of many other smaller molecules (monomers) that are made up of 2 or more elements, which are composed of electrons, protons and neutrons. Electrons and protons have the atomic mass of 1 but the relative atomic mass of the neutrons can differ.

Properties:

Chemical properties:

1. High melting point.
2. high tensile strength
3. High elasticity and plasticity
4. Low melting point

Physical properties

1. Poor conductors of electricity.
2. Poor conductors of heat.
3. Chemical resistant
4. water resistant

 Uses:

1. Used to make glue.
2. Used to make containers like plastic plates, cups etc…
3. Used to make textiles to cover sofas and clothe (NYLON, POLYESTER)
4. Used to make cases for computers, bags and razors.
5. Used to make waterproof materials.
6. Used to make biodegradable product like disposable food packaging, plastic knives, Forks plates and spoons.
7. Biomaterials ( bionate, bio span)
8. Liquid crystals.
9. Teflon
10. Synthetic oil and grease
11. Gaskets and cords.
12. soaps and surfactants (substances used  to reduce the tension of a liquid in which the surfactant dissolves)
13. Used to make shoe soles, hoses, and radiator hoses wet suits.

Composites: fibreglass, plywood laminates flooring

Structure:

There are 2 or more types of material in a composite, one of those materials is used as the main substance that holds the whole structure together and the rest are used as reinforcements in a form of fibres. The main types of matrix (main material) are substances like epoxy and polyimide.

Composition:

Composed of two or more organic or inorganic materials e.g. metal/polymer or polymer/polymer. This material is made of compounds and elements, it is a complex substance. E.g. play wood. The reinforcement materials in composites are mostly made up of fibres.

Properties:

Chemical properties:

1. High melting point.
2. Resistant to all acid and alkali chemicals.
3. The properties of composites, change as the amount and type of material that they are made from changes.
4. Low modulus
5. Self-abrasiveness if not cared for correctly, therefore making it less strong.

Physical properties:

1. The properties of these materials depend up on the type and amount of materials used to make the product.
2. Light weight.
3. High strength.
4. Fireproof
5. Poor conductors of electricity and heat.
6. They resist the attack of high amount of chemicals.
7. Good weathering properties (this depends on the materials used to make the product, but if the right materials are selected, almost extreme weather conditions can be tolerated by the composite).
8. Can be made into ant colour, making it cost effective; since there is no need for painting at the finishing stage.
9. High tensile strength.
10. Transmission of light.
11. Versatile.

Uses:

1. Chemical storage tanks.
2. Pipes.
3. Chimneys.
4. Boat hulls
5. Body part for cars.
6. DVD cases and fire doors.
7. Insulators.
8. Translucent mouldings and sheets.
9. Meat containers.
10. Fuel pumps and quips. Fire blankets. Fire exits.

Natural fibre: wool, silk and cotton.

Structure:

Natural fibre materials are any substance obtained from any animal or plant source.

The below image is an image of how a polymer chain of cotton plant molecules look and are bonded, through covalent bonding.

Composition:

Cotton is made up of polymer molecules of hydrogen (H) (1 electron, 1 proton and 1 neutron), carbon (C) (6 electrons, 6 protons and 6 neutrons) and oxygen (O) (8 electrons, 8 protons and 8 neutrons). These elements combined make up the cellulose in cotton plant, which consists of cottonseed, cotton fibre and the leaves of cotton.

Chemical properties:

Very low acidic and alkali resistance.

Disintegrates in contact with acid.

High tensile strength.

High resistance to thermal heat.

Physical properties:

Properties:

1. High absorption.
2. Soft in hand.
3. High control of colour (keeps its colour for a long time).
4. Easy to print on.
5. Machine washable and dry cleanable.
6. Strong and thin textile.
7. Drapes well (it holds itself loose around objects or the body of something )
8. Easy to sew and handles well.
9. Low elasticity.
10. Very flammable.
11. Decomposes at temperatures above 300°C.
12. Low temperature resistance.

Uses:

Natural fibres are mostly used in wearing apparels for example:

Making shirts, skirts, socks, blouse, pants, underwear, jackets suits, and children’s wear and etc…

Home textiles:

Bedding, curtains, drapes, sheets, towels, table cloths, table mats throws and napkins etc…

They are also used for medical purposes, like to make bandages plasters, scrubs, mouth masks etc…

Metals and alloys:

Ceramics:

Polymers

Composites:

Natural fibre

   

 

 

 

 

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