This essay will evaluate flashbulb memory on how emotion can affect cognitive process.
Evaluate one theory of how emotion may affect one cognitive process [22] Flashbulb memory IB HL2 Psychology Mr. Parker Period 2 Jesseril Suriawinata This essay will evaluate flashbulb memory on how emotion can affect cognitive process. Emotions are a mix of subjective experiences comprised of physiological changes and cognitive appraisal. Early theories of emotion have emphasized the relevance of the biological aspects while later theories have focused on the cognitive component of emotion. However, modern research have approached it as an interactive combination of both biological and cognitive experiences. In 1977, Brown and Kulik proposed the theory of flashbulb memory, memories that are vivid in detail, long lasting, and accurate because of its emotional relevance, aspect of surprise, and important consequences. Neisser, on the other hand, believes that the constant rehearsal and accessibility of the events resort to the maintenance of these “concrete” memories, which is eventually stored into long-term memory. More specifically, it’s believed that flashbulb memory is stored in the amygdala, responsible for emotional and episodic memory. It sets itself apart from other memories because of its supposed longevity and “photographic” conclusiveness. The theory also proposes a special neural mechanism that stimulates an emotional response to the shocking event
Describe and Evaluate Crammer (1997) Personality and defence mechanisms in adolescents.
Describe and Evaluate Crammer (1997) Personality and defence mechanisms in adolescents. (12 marks) Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate a relationship between identity, defence mechanisms, and self-esteem. Crammer wanted to test the idea that the greater an identity crisis, the more the person would use defence mechanisms. The study was carried to see if the findings of a previous study (Crammer 1995) would be replicated, and to see if by having a different sample (aged 23 instead of a mean age of 18,) different results would be found. Procedure: The participants were 46 females and 45 males, who were part of a longitudinal study. Data had been collected from the age of 3 years. They came from a mixture of backgrounds and were all 23 years old. The identity personality (diffused, moratorium, foreclosed or achieved) was tested using the Q-sort prototype for Ego Identity Status. The test was set up to include cards with statements on them, and the participants were asked to sort the cards/statements according to what they felt applied to them. The statements were planned to match the four personalities, so the researcher could identify from the statements what participants felt about their state of mind. A score was calculated for each participant. Defence mechanisms were measured by using the TAT (thematic apperception task) The participants were shown the pictures
Evaluate the role that one cultural dimension (e.g. individualism/collectivism, power distance) may have on behaviour.
Evaluate the role that one cultural dimension (e.g. individualism/collectivism, power distance) may have on behaviour. According to Matsumoto (2004), culture can be defined as the common rules that regulate interactions and behaviour in a group as well as a number of shared values and attitudes in the group. A cultural dimension is a conceptual framework suggested by Hofstede. It describes the effects of a society's culture on the values of its members, and how these values relate to behavior. Individualism and collectivism is a dimension which relates to the relationship between the individual and the group. In individualist societies, people tend to see themselves as independent individuals who must take care of themselves. Ties between individuals are loose. Typical values include freedom, personal challenge and uniqueness of individuals. In collectivist societies, identity is defined more by the characteristics of the collective groups to which one belongs. From birth onwards, people are integrated into cohesive in-groups, which provides them support and protection. People are more interdependent. However, if the individual does not comply to the rules of the group, the results can be severe. In this essay, the differences between individualist culture and collectivist culture will be evaluated. To begin with, the way culture affects construal of self will be explained.
TEST ESSAY UPLOAD 1
http://www.markedbyteachers.com/international-baccalaureate/history/theories-inequality-homelessness-and-the-american-dream-213173.html SPEC: French: English Characters INCLUDING special characters (%^* “€ £ $ ‘+) Poverty and Sociology Theories, Inequality, Homelessness, and the American Dream In 2010, about 46.2 million people were considered poor. The nation’s poverty rate rose to 15.1 percent, whereas in 2009, 14.3 percent of people in America were living in poverty (Censky, 2011). That is an increase of 2.6 million people in 2010. In the United States, the federal poverty line – an absolute measure of annual income – is frequently used to determine who is categorized as poor (Ferris & ump; Stein, 2008, 2010). “Currently the government defines the poverty line as an income of $11,139 for an individual and $22,314 for a family of four” (Censky, 2011). In sociology, poverty can be defined using two terms – relative deprivation and absolute deprivation. Relative deprivation is a comparison between people and social class. With relative deprivation, people are considered poor if “their standard of living is less than that of other members of society” (Ferris & ump; Stein, 2008, 2010). Absolute deprivation is an objective (%) measure of poverty, whereby people are considered poor because he or she is incapable to meet minimal fundamentals such as
Planning a Psychology Experiment on Observation.
Method - Design The independent variable will be the absence or presence of the gorilla, one group will be told what they have to find and the other will simply be shown the video and later asked what they spotted in the video. The dependent variable will be how many participants notice the change in color of the curtains in the video and how many participants spot the gorilla in the video. During the experiment, I will ensure I do not cause any mental or physical harm to the participants, the participants will be provided with a consent form prior to the experiment I will decide on a topic and guiding question, which will reflect in my aim and hypothesis. Then I will decide how I will conduct the experiment. The experiment will split the participants into two groups, as there will be an experimental group and a controlled group. There will be 10 participants each in both the groups; the participants will be obtained using selective sampling from a selective group of members. I will then find a video suitable for the experiment. I found a video on YouTube posted by the original researchers (Daniel Simons and Christopher Chabris). This video will replicate the research undertaken by the two psychologists in 1997. It would be important for the participants to be over 16 years of age as they would require an average level of English to understand the research question
To what extent do biological and cognitive factors interact with emotion
Despite the differences between biological and cognitive factors, there have been attempts to combine the two perspectives. One such attempt is the two-factor theory of emotion. The two-factor theory of emotion suggested that emotion arises body arousal and appraisal. Unfortunately, there is little evidence for this theory. There is, however, evidence for a more limited effect of arousal on appraisal. For example, Zillman and Bryant found that participants who had just exercised responded more aggressively to provocation than participants who had not. Another study by Dutton and Aaron showed that male participants were observed to be more attracted to female interviewers when approached on a narrow footbridge, a high anxiety situation. These two studies suggest that arousal may have an affect on emotion, but they do not support the two-factor theory’s claim that emotion is dependent on arousal. It can therefore be concluded that while arousal and appraisal interact with one another, they do not require each other in order for emotion to be experienced. After all, it is possible to experience emotion with an injured spinal cord or brain, just as it is possible to become angry or sexually aroused without fear or stress inducing stimuli. Based on the evidence, biological and cognitive factors can be assumed to interact with emotion. It can be assumed that cognitive factors
Evaluation of Social Learning Theory
We all learn something new everyday in our social lives. People learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling, as suggested by Albert Bandura’s social learning theory. In this essay, the social learning theory will be evaluated intensively through reviewing their strengths and weaknesses. Learning is achieved through observing the behaviors, attitudes, and outcomes of those behaviors. Human behavior, as explained in the social learning theory, is a continuous mutual interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences. Bandura stated that most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling. From observing others, one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action.” Four conditions are necessary for effective modeling, namely attention, retention, reproduction and motivation. In attention, for learning to be achieved, the observer must first pay attention to the features of the behavior to be modeled. Various factors increase or decrease the amount of attention paid, including the personality characteristics of both the observer and the person to be observed, and also competing stimuli. In retention, the observer is required to remember and hence retain the details of the behavior of the person observed. In terms of the conditions, retention is
Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the biological level of analysis.
Jonas Prawer 17/09/2012 Ms. Singh Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the biological level of analysis. ________________ Considerable research has been made that there is a genetic basis in human behaviour. This makes it interesting for Psychologists to investigate our brain much further. To keep it in ethical bounds most psychologists agree to follow the American Psychological Association’s code of ethics since it would not be acceptable to carry out inhumane studies. The APA’s code of ethics general principles are as follows: “Principle A: Beneficence and No maleficence, Principle B: Fidelity and Responsibility, Principle C: Integrity, Principle D: Justice, [and] Principle E: Respect for People's Rights and Dignity” (American Psychological Association). Sometimes it is not possible for researchers to always follow the APA code of ethics as it may affect their results in their study. For example in Schachter and Singer (1962) injected participants with adrenalin, not in a harmful amount none of the less, fully informed consent could not be obtained since that might influence the study results (cause characteristics such as the placebo effect). They did not follow Principle C: “Integrity” and Principle:E “Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity” due to the fact that they did not
Psychology. Discuss two errors in attributions.
Aneesha Bhandari Psychology Discuss two errors in attributions. People do not passively observe their own actions and others, they attempt to work it out and explain it. Attribution is a concept in Social Psychology, addressing the processes by which individual explains the causes of behavior in situations. But they are two different kinds of attributes to behavior: . Dispositional causes: When attributing the cause of a person’s behavior to their internal characteristic we are making a dispositional attribution. The term disposition refers to somebody’s belief, personality etc. 2. Situational causes: When one attributes a person’s behavior to external factors, reinforcement, both positive or negative, in a social setting we are making a situational attribution. Attribution decisions about the individuals or another’s behavior is not always made in a logical or impartial manner, hence they may become distorted or biased. This results in Bias in attribution or “Attribution Bias”. This happens as: . People are cognitive misers. Individuals do not want to out in the mental effort necessary. Thereby not examining all the attribution evidence present and coming to a quick conclusion as opposed to a right one. 2. The information available may be lacking. An individual may receive information in a way that highlights certain aspects more than others. 3. The
Outline principles that define cognitive level of analysis
Outline principles that define cognitive level of analysis (8mks) Cognitive psychology deals with how the mind functions and responds to the things that we see around us. It involves mental tasks, perception, thinking and problem solving. There are three main principles that highlight the cognitive level of analysis. The first principle that defines this level of analysis is that human beings are information processors and that mental processes guide behaviour. This simple means that there is a relationship between how people think and behave. Information is transformed and organized according to the way people perceive and interpret what is going on around them. This principle was demonstrated in Darley and Gross’s experiment. In this experiment, they showed to their participants, videos of a girl playing in a poor environment then in a wealthy environment. The participants were then asked to judge the future of the girl based on how she would perform on an intelligence test. All the participants said that the “poor” girl would do worse than the “wealthy girl”. This shows that the participants already had a schema of how the environment would affect the girl’s performance on the test. This happens because human beings take in and actively process information based on a few vague details that they are given to form a conclusion that may not be correct. The