Describe and evaluate Carl Jungs theory concerning personality types and show how they might usefully help a therapist to determine therapeutic goals
Module Three Essay Title: ‘Describe and evaluate Carl Jung’s theory concerning personality types and show how they might usefully help a therapist to determine therapeutic goals’ Page 1 Introduction In this essay I aim to demonstrate an understanding of Jung’s personality types by describing and evaluating his theory and to show how they might useful in helping a therapist to determine therapeutic goals. I will also look at some of the criticisms levelled at Jung’s theory. Carl Gustav Jung, (26 July 1875 – 6 June 1961), was a Swiss psychologist and psychiatrist, and the founder of analytical psychology. His father was a Pastor, and he had an isolated childhood, becoming very introverted, it seems he had a schizoid personality. Although Freud was involved with analytical psychology and worked with patients with hysterical neuroses; Jung, however, worked with psychotic patients in hospital. He was struck by the universal symbols (or Archetypes) in their delusions and hallucinations (ref. Dennis Brown and Jonathan Redder (1989) p.107). His work and influence extends way beyond understanding personality, and he is considered to be one of the greatest thinkers to have theorised about life and how people relate to it. Carl Jung was among many great personality theorists who drew inspiration and guidance from the ancient models like astrology and the Four
Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia
Discuss research in biological explanations of schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder involving loss of contact with reality and a range of symptoms. One biological explanation for schizophrenia is that genetic factors are involved. This view considers that certain individual's posses certain genes which predispose an individual to schizophrenia. Furthermore the condition can be inherited and as a result we would expect to find that relatives have similar chances of developing the disorder. One other biological explanation for schizophrenia is the Viral Hypothesis. This states that schizophrenia is a mental deterioration at an early age. In other words brain damage at the time or before the time of birth could be a factor in the development of schizophrenia. They have enlarged ventricles in their brain and post-mortems have found that their brains are lighter. There certainly evidence that supports that we can inherit a disposition for schizophrenia through genetic causes. Research to prove this comes twin studies of MZ and DZ twins. Gottesman and Shields found a higher concordance rate of MZ twins both having the disorder than DZ twins who only share 50% of their genes, although the concordance rate was not 100%. This certainly highlights the huge influence genetics have on inheriting the condition however, if genetics were the sole cause we would expect
What can Psychology tell us about the effectiveness and popularity of Aromatherapy in the treatment and management of behavioural problems associated with Dementia sufferers?
Controversies in Psychology 2 – PS10089 What can Psychology tell us about the effectiveness and popularity of Aromatherapy in the treatment and management of behavioural problems associated with Dementia sufferers? Dementia can broadly be defined as the serious loss of cognitive ability in a previously unimpaired individual, beyond that normally seen in ageing (Fadil et al., 2009). The majority of research has focused on the cognitive deficits of the syndrome, however more than 50% of sufferers will also experience behavioural and psychological symptoms which are seen as both distressing for the patients and problematic for the caregivers (Ballard, O'Brien, Reichelt, & Perry, 2002 ). The most persistent ‘behavioural and psychological symptoms in dementia’ (BPSD) are aggression and restlessness (Ballard et al., 2002). Typically treatment of BPSD has been based almost entirely on antipsychotics, however with increasing concerns over the side effects profile of such treatment there has been a particular focus on the development of alternative or complementary approaches. Aromatherapy is one such example of an alternative therapy, and therefore there is a need to consider the effectiveness of its use in decreasing BPSD. The use of antipsychotic treatment has been associated with a variety of side effects, with the most persistent manifestations being movement disorders
Why is the initial consultation so important? What factors will an ethical hypnotherapist cover at this time
Clare Ryman-Tubb Word Count 2093 “Why is the initial consultation so important? What factors will an ethical therapist cover at this time” The process of treating a client with hypnotherapy starts with the initial consultation. Most therapists will offer a free, or reduced fee, half hour slot in which they can meet their client for the first time, and the client can meet them. The initial consultation will general not involve hypnotherapy but is used as a fact finding session for both. This first meeting is vital for many reasons. The relationship of client and therapist will be an intimate professional one, where total honesty and trust is paramount between them both and as complete strangers it is an opportunity for rapport to be built up and for both client and therapist to ask and answer questions in order to ascertain whether they can work with each other. The initial consultation will assess whether the type of problem the client wishes to address is encompassed by the practitioners skill level or hypnotherapy itself or would it better to refer to a different type of therapy or counselling? Both will see whether they feel comfortable in each others company. The client will be trying to established background on the therapist – education, qualifications, experience and whether they are trustworthy and professional. First impressions create lasting
Compare and contrast how the psychodynamic and person-centred approaches to counselling understand the person
T718463X Page 1 Lorna Hunter D171/TMA 01 Compare and contrast how the psychodynamic and person-centred approaches to counselling understand the person, and how these two approaches explain psychological distress experienced by individuals. In Part 2 reflect on and write about which of the two models appeals most to you and why? This essay will discuss the psychodynamic and person-centred approach to counselling by looking at key concepts and ideas and how they ‘view’ the person. I will also state which of the two approaches I feel drawn to due to the onset and maintenance of psychological distress. The psychodynamic approach to counselling has its roots firmly in psychoanalysis and the work of Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). McLeod (2008). It has a long history and much literature. Other theorists, Jung, Adler, and Klein would modify Freud’s ideas and concepts and take the focus away from psychosexual development to psychosocial development. However, one of the main distinctive features would remain the importance of childhood experiences and unresolved childhood conflicts and how these developmental experiences would shape personality and later relationships. Freud believed that patients, if allowed to talk freely, (free association) about their thoughts and experiences and in a non
Describe the impact of neuronal and neurotransmitter abnormalities on brain function
1011609 Describe the impact of neuronal and neurotransmitter abnormalities on brain function. This essay will explain the effects of neuronal and neurotransmitter defects on brain functions. There will be a brief overview of the brain functions describing the individual functions and structures. This essay will discuss four types of disease explaining how brain disorders affect either the neuron or the neurotransmitter. The diseases being discussed affecting the neuron will be Multiple Sclerosis and Alzheimer’s. The areas discussed will show how the disease affects neurons, symptoms and how treatments alleviate symptoms or target the mechanisms. The next two diseases to be discussed which affect neurotransmitters will be Parkinson’s disease and Schizophrenia. The essay will focus on the main areas including how these diseases affect the neurotransmitters, symptoms and various treatments that aid symptoms or treatments that target brain mechanisms. The neurons are the building blocks of the brain, which are unique and have the ability to communicate specifically, briskly and over long distances reaching target cells such as gland cells and muscles (Bernstein, Clarke-Stewart, Penner & Roy, 2008, p. 65). The neuron is a generic name that represents the entirety of the whole cell and is unique due to containing the ability to generate electrical impulses, allowing neurons
Theories of Human Behaviour: Psychodynamics, Behaviourism and Cognitive Psychology
Theories of Human Behaviour: Psychodynamics, Behaviourism and Cognitive Psychology Introduction Contemporary psychology has been substantially influenced by different schools of thought, among the most important of which are Classical Freudian Psychotherapy or Psychodynamic Theory, Behaviourism, and Cognitive Psychology. In principle, each attributes the development of human psychological issues to entirely different mechanisms and processes. While none of them necessarily refutes the conceptual validity of the others, each school of psychological thought naturally focuses on very different issues as they relate to understanding healthy and abnormal human psychological development, education and learning theory, and child welfare. In that regard, Freudian Psychodynamics emphasises the distinction between the conscious and unconscious mind and the significance of several universal impulses and frustrations that originate in human infancy. Their relative degree of successful resolution correspond to characteristic patterns within the subconscious mind that strongly influence subsequent psychological development and behaviour in predictable ways that are particular to the nature of those specific types of unconscious impulses and frustrations. Meanwhile, Behaviourism takes an entirely different approach to understanding human psychology. Based largely on
Describe two theories which explain the occurrence of schizophrenia. Explain how these theories relate to the environment and to genetics.
I.D 12001726 Describe two theories which explain the occurrence of schizophrenia. Explain how these theories relate to the environment and to genetics. This paper sets out to look at the mental illness of Schizophrenia and will examine two theories on the cause of this disorder and how they relate to genetics and the environment. The two theories we will discuss are, ‘The Dopamine Theory’ and ‘The Genetic Theory’ Schizophrenia is a chronic and disabling brain disorder which is characterized by gross distortion of reality. The name ‘Schizophrenia’ derives from the Greek words skhizein meaning "to split" and Phrenos (phren) meaning "mind” (Taylor, 2011). The condition is categorised by either Positive or Negative Symptoms which are unique to each individual. Individuals suffering from positive symptoms of the disorder experience on-going episodes of psychosis affecting their ability to distinguish, what is real or imagined. Positive symptoms can be defined as symptoms of behaviour that are present but should be absent; they include behaviours such as delusions, hallucinations, fragmented thinking and unusual patterns of speech or behaviour. Negative symptoms on the other hand are the absence of normal behaviours which result in symptoms such as flattened emotional response, inability to express pleasure, apathy, poverty of speech and social withdrawal