Eyewitness Testimony: Critical Issue
Eyewitness Testimony: Critical Issue Eyewitness testimony is an important area in which memory theory has been applied. The consequences of inaccurate eyewitness testimony may be serious, especially as jurors are reported to be highly influenced by such evidence. Therefore, it is not surprising that psychologists should be interested in trying to find out what causes unreliable testimony and how to improve it. A number of different avenues of research have been pursued. These include the reconstructive nature of memory, the role of leading questions, the effects of fear and anxiety, and the process of face recognition. Reconstructive Memory ? Bartlett has demonstrated how memory involves an active interpretation and reconstruction of events, influenced by our previous understanding and knowledge about similar events (our schemas). ? Schemas (schemata) are organised packages of knowledge about objects, events e.t.c. built up through experience and stored in LTM. They provide frameworks to help us deal with new information and experiences. When schemas relate to social behaviours they are called scripts and consist of the stereotypical sequences of actions that are typical for a given occasion (such as visiting a restaurant). ? Schemas, which include stereotypes, are important at the initial storage stage as well as at the retrieval stage of memory. e.g. Bransford and
What factors need to be taken into account when conducting and interpreting intellectual assessments in neurological impaired patients?
What factors need to be taken into account when conducting and interpreting intellectual assessments in neurological impaired patients? Intelligence is a concept that encompasses many mental ablilities. Researchers have tried to define the core features of intelligence and have come up with many different definitions. Binet and Simon (1905, as cited in Kamphaus, Winsor, Rowe & Kim, 2005) defined intelligence as "the ability to judge, understand and reason well". Perhaps the most widely referenced and enduring definition comes from David Wechsler (1939), who described intelligence as "the aggregate or global capacity to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with the environment" (p. 3). Since then, scientists have attempted to integrate different researchers' ideas and find a consensus definition. A fairly recent definition comes from "Mainstream Science on Intelligence", which was signed by 52 intelligence researchers in 1994. They regard intelligence as "very general mental capability that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience. It is not merely book learning, a narrow academic skill, or test-taking smarts. Rather, it reflects a broader and deeper capability for comprehending our surroundings -- "catching on," "making sense" of
Discuss human binaural sound localisation and lateralisation and related binaural phenomena including binaural masking level differences. How are these phenomena dependant on the frequency composition of the auditory stimuli?
Discuss human binaural sound localisation and lateralisation and related binaural phenomena including binaural masking level differences. How are these phenomena dependant on the frequency composition of the auditory stimuli? Sound localisation is the ability to identify the location from which a sound is emanating (Goldstine, 2002) which serves many important purposes such as determining which direction to avoid or where to look in order to identify the source. Lateralization refers to the 'apparent location of a sound source within the head' (Moore, 1989) which is normally manipulated by using headphones to control the effect of other cues such as interaural differences. Lateralization has been described as the laboratory version of localization because of the ease at which it can be investigated and manipulated to investigate participants' perception of distance and direction. Binaural sound localisation refers more specifically to the process of discriminating the origins of sound using information obtained by both ears, particularly by the comparison between these two sets of information. The method of identifying the origin of the sound using this is dependant on the type of sound, for example pure tones which consist of a single pitch or frequency or complex sounds which are more complicated. For pure tones these comparisons can be between the interaural time
Different Kinds of Memories.
Long Term Memory Information that remains in the brain for more than a few minutes is encoded into the brain by being transferred to long term memory. Long term memory allows information to be retrieved even after it has been stored in the brain and out of human consciousness for a long period of time. (Benjamin, Hopkins, & Nation, 1994. p.253) It has been said that long term memory is what "defines reality for each of us." (Benjamin, Hopkins, & Nation, 1994. p.260) Its capacity is unlimited. Information in long term memory could have been learned, or encoded, five minutes ago or five decades ago. Some scientists believe that such information is stored permanently whereas others argue that with time memory pathways will physically deteriorate over time. Information in long term memory can be classified according to what is being remembered. Tulving's Model categorizes memory into the following three types: . Episodic Memory (events) 2. Semantic Memory (facts) 3. Procedural Memory (motion) If you know that you are remembering something, then you are using what is called explicit memory. Otherwise, your brain is using implicit memory. Episodic Memory Episodic memory is memory of past or future events. Here are some sentences that demonstrate episodic memory: * I remember choosing my Dalmatian, Spot, from the litter of puppies because he was the most playful. * I
Executive summary.
Executive Summary I have prepared this particular piece of work by using my two days experience of workshop. This assignment includes all the tools, which are now a day considered and are used extensively in the business unit for looking in the future. I have mentioned all the four activities of learning workshop and the research I have done for their further understanding. I have also mentioned what I have learned after doing all the activities. INTRODUCTION The Strategic Learning Workshop which was held on the 2nd and 3rd of July helps me to construct my own meaning and also in the process aware of my own thinking. The workshop helps me to think in a conceptual framework, practical tools, strategic alignment and mental models for solving a particular issue. According to Grundy (1994) Strategic learning can be defined as: An open process of exploring complex and ambiguous issues that affecting organisations, teams and individuals. This process involves reflecting and debating on the linkages, tensions and conflicts between issues and seeing these in a wider context. STRATEGIC POSITIONING MAP Strategic positioning map relates and identify the position of all the individuals and group who are directly or indirectly, internally or externally associated or link with the issue. As a student of MBA I found out that getting work placement at the right time for the
Human & Computer Perception.
Human & Computer Perception: Cw1 A Computer May Have the Capabilities to Sense Its World But Unlike A Human It Does Not Perceive It. Vision. ...the true heart of visual perception is the inference from the structure of an image about the structure of the real world outside. The theory of vision is exactly the theory of how to do this, and its central concern is with the physical constraints and assumptions that make this inference possible. David Marr. Vision is the main theme of the following essay, including an outline of some of the human visual systems' workings, as well as an explanation of the attempts to reproduce these faculties by way of computational models. Also to be considered are the meaning & difference of the terms sense & perception, with respect to visual perception & computer vision. Following this the statement from the title will be considered. Sensation & Perception; what's the difference? Briefly, sense is the faculty of receiving sensation, a part of subjective consciousness. Perception is the action of perceiving; which is to become aware of, through the senses. It could be said that sense is the stage prior to the process of perception, sensation being the early awareness (of a stimulus) & perception being the recognition, processing, & understanding (of a stimulus), usually with respect to that which is held in memory. More
What is being stored in memory?
What is being stored in memory? Memory is involved in all aspects of our lives and although it is difficult to get a precise definition of memory, it can be thought of as: "The ability to retain information and demonstrate retention through behaviour." (The New Webster Dictionary of the English language - volume 1) Memory is influenced by a number of factors and we are more likely to remember information if it is distinctive (different from other memories), elaborate (rich in detail), connected (integrated with other knowledge) or salient (personally important.) In order for an event to be stored in memory and stored for later retrieval it must first be encoded. In 1980 William James argued and became the main influencer of the two-process theory of memory, (later known as the duel memory theory and associated with Atkinson et al. 1990) he suggested that there was a lasting memory; but there was also a rapid, immediate memory, which seems to fade very quickly and just allows us to remember things for as long as we need to. These two types of memories appeared to have very different characteristics for example the short-term memory (STM) could hold only a small amount of information whereas the long-term memory (LTM) appeared to have no observable limit on the amount of information that it could store. These differing characteristics mean that what is actually being
The Effect of Sleep Quality on Sleepiness, Cognition and Mood
The Effect of Sleep Quality on Sleepiness, Cognition and Mood Sally Robinson Abstract This study examined the effect of sleep quality on sleepiness, cognition and mood using 100 university students using convenience sampling. Participants tested themselves in two testing sessions: one after awakening from a night of self-reported "good sleep" and the other after "poor sleep". Participants tested their sleepiness using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS), their cognitive performance with a Trail Making Task (TMT) and a Digit Symbol Substitution Task (DSST), and their mood using the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS). The results supported the hypotheses that sleepiness would be lower, cognitive functioning would be higher, and mood would be more positive and less negative following a good night's sleep than a poor night's sleep. This study highlights the importance of a good night's sleep to maintain good mood and cognitive functioning. Reduction in sleep quality is a widespread problem in modern society. A major component of poor sleep quality is sleep deprivation, which is an inadequate quantity of sleep, especially the deeper stages of sleep (stages 3 and 4) and REM sleep. Many studies have concentrated on relating sleep deprivation to psychological measures, because sleep deprivation is easily measurable. Sleep deprivation is widely due to increased
Evaluating the Levels of Processing Theory
Evaluating the Levels of Processing Theory The levels of Processing theory was put forward in 1972 by Craik and Lockhart. This theory came about after they criticised the Multi-store model of memory saying it was too simplistic and descriptive rather that actually explaining the model. This theory was an alternative to the Multi-store model as it replaces the idea of Short term and Log term memory. Levels of processing theory believes that information can be processed at different levels at the same time. The deeper the information is processed, the more likely it will be remembered. There was a case of a man name KF and he had damage to the occipital parietal lobe so he had damaged a part of his brain which meant that he no longer had a short term memory as he could not process information in it, however, he was still able to store information in his long term memory. This does not account in the Multi-store model and it was realised that there must e another route to the long term memory. It was after this Craik and Lockhart put forward their Levels of Processing theory. In their theory, they stated that rehearsal was not enough and the Multi-store model was far too simplistic and the depth of the information and what you do with it also affects your memory. The depth of the information go from shallow to deep processing. The levels are made up of structural processing
Describe three main schools in psychology in terms of distinguishing features and historical influences.
Lisa Flavell Psychology Describe three main schools in psychology in terms of distinguishing features and historical influences. There are many different schools within the field of psychology. These schools have fundamentally different perspectives on the best way in which to study psychology. Psychology can be described as the scientific objective study of behaviour and mental processes or as one of the leading founders of modern psychology defined "the science on mental life" (James, William 980). Each school within psychology has its own distinguishing features; for example the behaviourist focuses on observable behaviour where as the psychoanalysist would direct attention to the unconscious and the importance of motivation and past experiences. Like-wise in that the biologist is more concerned with the physiological state (e.g. the activities of the brain) of a being rather than the humanistic psychologist who is mainly concerned with the uniqueness of the individual and their ability to self actualize there own human potential. Although this paper shall consider three schools in particular; Behaviouism, Cognitive psychology and psychoanalysis, it is important to take into account the history of psychology which has greatly influenced each school within modern psychology today. Psychology is about one hundred years old and started off