To what extent do you agree with the view expressed in the extract on the importance of the New Model Army during the years 1645-1649?
"The rise of the New Model Army was both the mainspring of the revolution and the force that deterred more radical change" To what extent do you agree with the view expressed in the extract on the importance of the New Model Army during the years 1645-1649? It is questionable how much of an impact the Army had on the English Revolution of the seventeenth century. However, their importance during the years 1645-1649 is undeniable. Evidence suggests that the Army was the "mainspring of the Revolution and the force that deterred more radical change". Yet some historians, such as Christopher Hill, question the possibility of the Revolution as being a "Bourgeois Revolution" or a "Puritan Revolution", moreover, Peter Gaunt along with other historians tampers with the possibility that the Revolution may have been caused by economic transformations. Though these are all possibilities, the Army has the most impact, in my opinion, and were therefore the "mainspring of the Revolution": "Battles were won because of the discipline, unity and political consciousness of the masses organised in the New Model Army" (Christopher Hill). It is important, I feel, to look at the causes of the English Civil Wars because they were, after all, what paved the way for the Revolution. Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, who lived through the war, believed that constitutional issues caused it and
It was a cool spring day in early April.
It was a cool spring day in early April. Excitement was filling the air that traveled around by the fingertips of the breeze. John was walking on the busy streets of Boston, wondering and observing the beautiful clear sky. "So beautiful," he thought, "nothing can be more beautiful than this..." He then froze. All he could see was a gorgeous woman of about twenty-five walking towards him. John could not keep his eyes off her. As she walked past him, she accidentally dropped her purse. John bent down to help her. They smiled at each other. Her wide smile was so enchanting. "Thank you very much," she said with the soft voice. "You are welcome..." "Rose- Rose McCarthy," she quickly filled in the sentence. "Oh, no!" thought John. "She is Chris McCarthy's daughter - the owner of the CompuServe company! One of the richest people in the town!" He could not say he was John Tray. What kind of name is this? He earns only enough to feed himself and pay his rent. By saying his name, Rose would find out everything about him and will not want to see him. But she was so beautiful, he did not want to lose her! Being in a hurry and not getting a response, Rose took her purse and kept walking. "Wait!" exclaimed John as he ran after her. "Will I see you again?" Rose smiled. She liked him, too. "Of course," she slowly replied. "Would you like to go out for dinner with me?" John found the
Why was there an Industrial Revolution In Britain?
Why was there an Industrial Revolution In Britain? There are several reason for the industrial revolution in Britain. They are all very important as they changed the way people lived and thought. The groundwork that it created is the basis for modern thinking and inventing and it has been called the Second Renaissance. One of the reasons was that around Britain all the raw materials were in abundance. These included coal, iron and tin, but although they were used to make simple machines, such as cattle ploughs, no one realised they could use them to power advanced steam machines. Due to the fact that the machines were simple the minerals were difficult to extract and transport, as it would have to be by horse drawn cart or sail boat. The industrial revolution made iron and coal a main industry until 1900 when better methods were invented. Cotton was also a main industry and in the revolution there were new supply routes through the empire. These were more effective than the sea routes and it opened many new exports up, such as cloth and dye. The slave trade was an old industry but in the industrial revolution it was booming as the new empire brought in people from all walks of life. Unfortunately the trade was very racist so anyone who was not 'of the same class' as the English. This meant that they would be sent to work, for no money in factories on working the land in
Causes of the French Revolution - The Background or Long Standing Causes - Negative Features of the Ancien Regime - An Absolute Monarchy can falter if the monarch is weak.
Causes of the French Revolution . The Background or Long Standing Causes a. Negative Features of the Ancien Regime b. An Absolute Monarchy can falter if the monarch is weak Ancien Regime refers to the old order in France; the social and governmental system that lasted until the Revolution. The Government order in France was an Absolute Monarchy. Due to the increasingly large powers of a monarch over society including: National System of Justice, Influenced the Catholic Church, The Right to decree Taxation and Leader of the military forces, the monarch has to be a string and stable person. Louis XVI was neither strong nor stable. The population was divided into three states, two privileged The population was divided into three estates. The Third Estate was made up of the bourgeoisie, wage earners and the peasantry. They were the majority of the population. The Third Estate was also known as the estate of the commoners. The Second Estate was for the nobility. They numbered 400 000 with most of them being of minor rank. The First Estate comprised the clergy. The Upper Clergy were very wealthy and powerful and therefore they related to the First Estate. The Lower Clergy related more to the Lower Estates. The First Estate numbered around 100 000. The first two states enjoyed privileges over the Third Estate. Although they were the richest, they were exempt from taxes.
How does a change in the mortality rate explain population growth in the early modern period?
Page 1 Sarah Humphreys How does a change in the mortality rate explain population growth in the early modern period? Throughout the early modern period the mortality rate varied a great deal, and was generally characterised by "dramatic short run fluctuations," low life expectancy, high infant mortality and increased quantities of deaths as a result of severe epidemic outbreaks.1 Throughout this era, Europe experienced numerous mortality crises in which the number of deaths vastly exceeded the average number of deaths. An example of this mortality crisis can be observed by looking at the parish of Os, Norway. 57 deaths was the average number of expected mortalities per non crisis year between 1669 and 1735. Os experienced 9 crises throughout this 60 year period in which the rate of deaths grew by 50%. 2 This pattern was common throughout Europe. There were three key factors that caused these great fluctuations in the amount of deaths between 1500 and 1789 and they were; epidemics, war and famine. Epidemics of the plague and diseases such as influenza, typhus, typhoid and smallpox were a principle reason behind the millions of deaths throughout Europe. Figures show the devastation caused by these epidemics; it has been claimed that during the period of 1557 to 1559 "a tenth of the English population died"3 as a result of influenza. The infamous plague ravaged
Knowing About Louis XIV:The Historian's Task.
Knowing About Louis XIV: The Historian's Task December 1, 2003 History 201 - Dr. Tittler Michael Marsh (5174309) "The implied identification between the political order and the cosmic order is a classic example of the legitimation of a particular set of institutional arrangements by presenting them as natural, indeed as the only possible system"1 Louis XIV, arguably the most renowned European monarch, is not easily known separate from his projected image. His lifelong drive to manifest an 'absolute' rule has left a legacy of image, contrivance and ceremony that is not readily distinguished from the man himself. The hyper-ritualistic character of his rule and the prolific images of that rule created in a multitude of media present a seemingly monolithic historical countenance. Certainly we can know that Louis XIV wished to convey a definitive aspect of magnificence to both his contemporaries and posterity. Indeed, he "claimed to derive his power from God"2 directly. It is this claim that constitutes the flint which may produce a spark of understanding for the historian. Louis XIV, a motivated monarch with a potent historical inheritance, was surrounded by equally motivated individuals who shared his notions of 'absolutism'. This paper seeks to understand these motivations and in so doing, understand the consonance and dissonance between Louis the 'absolute
The failure of a united front in the revolutionary movement in the north of Ireland from 1791 to 1798. Evidence to support these complications can be found in the memoirs of John Hope and Life by Father James Coigly.
The memoir of John Hope and the Life of Father James Coigly clearly show the problems in the ranks of the Irishmen who fought for freedom during the revolutionary movement of the north between 1791 and 1798. The writing of the two men about their early careers and the events leading up to the rebellion shows that the revolutionary movement of Ireland was riddled with informants, dissension and miscommunications and this led to the failure of 1798. The use of informers and spies tore apart the unity of factions and the security of leaders. Many people informed out of spitefulness for the disregard of their ideas and others were influenced by the government. James Hope describes in his memoirs the various spies and informers. Hope was a Presbyterian weaver who grew up in Ulster in County Antrim. He experienced firsthand the troubles of the Penal laws and the rising agitation between Catholics and Protestants in Ulster. He was a member of the Volunteers, a grassroots militia responding to the success of the American Revolution. Hope then joined the new society of the United Irishmen, because they wanted to carry out the objectives of the Volunteers, and he became a vital part of spreading the news and ideas of this new organization as well as recruiting members. Hope wrote his memoirs in 1843, long after the troubles of the 1790's were over. 1 Hope admits, despite his
Causes of the French Revolution
Ashleigh N. Garrett Kevin S. Cronin History 1013 23 August 2004 Causes of the French Revolution: Assignment 1 Many factors contributed to the French Revolution, such as a widespread resentment of royal absolutism, the emergence of elightenment ideals, a massive national debt, as well as famine and poverty. Initially the Industrial Revolution brought surges of people form the rural countryside in to the cities in search of work. This created crowded living quarters and an increased demand for food. Many people lived at a level of subsistence, earning only enough to feed themselves and their family. These living conditions set the stage for the social unrest, which led to the French Revolution. The majority of the wealth in France at the time of the French Revolution lied in the hands of the merchants yet the power resided with the nobility. The merchants, along with the other members of the third estate were degraded and humiliated by the first and second estates. The nobles, exempt from taxation, forced an unequal tax distribution upon the poorer classes as well as the merchants. People of the third estate paid almost 11 times the taxes they should have paid under an equal distribution. While the upper classes lived in luxury at virtually no cost to themselves the bourgeoisie and peasants saw their hard earned wealth disappear into the pockets of the government
French Revolution
French Revolution The French Revolution last from 1789 to 1799. This war had many causes that began the revolution. Its causes ranged from the American Revolution, the economic crisis in France, social injustices to the immediate causes like the fall of Bastille, the Convening of he Estate-General, and the Great Fear. As a result of this revolution there many effects , immediate and long term. The immediate effects were the declaration of rights of man, abolishing of olds reign, execution of king and queen, the reign of terror, and war and forming of the citizen-army. The long term effects were the rise of Napoleon, spread of revolutionary ideas, growth of nationalism, and the conservative reaction. The contributing factors to the French Revolution was the economic crisis in France. The French government had undergone economic crises, resulting from the long wars waged during the reign of Louis XIV, the losses incurred in the French and Indian War, and increased indebtedness arising from loans to the American colonies during the American Revolution. The American Revolution showed that they got economical and political freedom from Britain. This liberalism sparked many revolutions in Europe ,but in France the ideas of the Enlightenment and liberalism were put to their fullest test. The French people wanted rights and would later get these. Another reason was that the old regime
Explain the success of the slave revolt in Haiti - "the only successful one in history".
Explain the success of the slave revolt in Haiti - "the only successful one in history" The Haitian Slave revolt of 1791 has been deemed by some "the only successful one in history". This has often been measured by the successes that it brought for the black slaves on the island of Saint Domingo (now Haiti), namely independence from France, the abolition of the institution of slavery and the destruction of the "dominant white population and the plantation system"1. What used to be the "most prosperous colony of the western hemisphere"2 then became the first "whole scale act of emancipation in a major slave society and the creation of modern Haiti, the first modern black state"3. Also the events of 1791 inspired many more, both black and white to take up arms against those who used the slave trade for their own gain. Although not all achieved what the Haitians did, by the end of the 19th century slavery was abolished across the globe. This indirectly can be said to be the slave revolt's greatest success. Firstly the immediate successes of the Haitian slave revolt have to be explained, in order to see why it was more successful than all others before it. This can be attributed to a number of factors including the horrendous situation existing before the revolt, the leadership of the rebellion, and the problems facing the invading armies. Life for the black slaves before the