e.u assesment
"It has been said that "an express "federal" goal was dropped from the final draft of The Treaty of European Union; nevertheless, there can be no doubt that the Union constitutes, at the very least, an embryonic federation"1. "It has also been said that "the ... concept of federalism...does not feel quite right as an explanation of the EU which... is too sui generic, too complex, too multidimensional to fit any such categorisation" 2 The interpretation of the above quotations will require a number of factors to be taken into consideration. This is in regards to analysing in depth the issues of constitutional structures, the concepts of the European Unions (EU's) current structure, the institutions and their roles. This will require analysis of authoritative sources such as The Treaty of European Union (TEU), case law and also respective views of academics. The main question proposed by the above quotations is to what extent we can say the EU is evolving into a federal structure and if it will ever become a 'united Europe.' There are a number of classifications for a constitutional structure. Firstly there is a unitary state a "structure organised under a single central government ". Secondly there is a confederation "a formal association of states loosely bound by a treaty...a central governmental mechanism with specified powers over member states but not directly over
Evolution and Implementation of International Environmental Law
Evolution and Implementation of International Environmental Law The modern international environmental law exists due to the ability of the general international law and the states to identify previous and existing environmental challenges and to enter a process of learning from their mistakes by establishing the Aarhus Convention (Brownlie 1999; Stec 2010; Stec and Casey Lefkowitz 2000). The evolution of the Stockholm Principle I (1972) brought up the notion of the human right to the healthy environment. This was later strengthened by the Rio Principle 10 that declared the necessity to implement the Principle I by promoting public awareness and considering all levels of stakeholders in the decision-making process. Thus, the international law recognized the need to address the well-known Kuztets curve of the condition of the environment, where the modern state focus should be on enhancing the environmental conditions where humanity resides. Interestingly, this notion of healthy environment was very new to the existing generations of human rights (Brownlie 1999; Stec 2010; Stec and Casey Lefkowitz 2000; Szasz 1992). The evolution of the human rights progressed rapidly through the 20th century, completely recognizing and establishing the first and second generations of human rights one by one. These rights include civil rights, political rights, rights to freedom as well
Report on a Contaminated Land Site
Report of the Contaminated land site at Harpurhey, Manchester (GR SD854 016) For the Environmental Protection Committee, Manchester City Council. 21 April 2009 Sarah Lumb Contents Site Summary 1 Pollutant Linkage 1 Significance to Human Health and the Environment 2 Site Remediation Options 3 Reccommendations 5 Site Summary The site at Harpurhey, Manchester (NGR SD 854 016) covers 4.8 hectares, much of which is polluted by various contaminants. The intended land use is for recreational purposes. Assuming this means that children will be on the site and at risk of contact with the contaminant a great extent of remediation is necessary. Area Pollutant Concentration Main Tip Area- Surface 1m of Fill Cyanide >300mg/kg Main Tip Area- Borehole 4m Below Ground Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon >800mg/kg Main Tip Area- Borehole no.5, Mainly Surface 4m Phenol 40mg/kg Organic compounds Exceeding Available Guidelines Main Tip and Around Site Zinc 2300mg/kg Copper 600mg/kg Natural Ground Below Whole Site Lead 750mg/kg Copper 210mg/kg Zinc 300mg/kg Cyanide 25mg/kg Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon 600mg/kg Phenols 3mg/kg Surface Water around Site Cyanide 75µg/l Upper Reservoir Cyanide 90µg/l River Irk North of Site Cyanide Exceeding Available Guidelines Table 1: Sumary of Contamination Pollutant Linkage The remediation strategy will
The Environment and Politics
Fall Short Essay 2010 Courtesy of: Microsoft Word(c) Clip Art Word Count: 1507 By: Renuka Boochoon TA: Michaela McMahon Course Code: ENVS 2300 Student Number: 210317212 Due Date: Friday, October 22, 2010 To understand how the environment is inherently political, 'politics' must first be defined. According to professor Ilan Kapoor at York University, politics is defined as "individual and collective action, bringing issues into the public sphere and negotiating multiple and sometimes opposing claims about these issues" (Kapoor, 2010). The environment is inherently political in that there will always be opposing views because people have different values and everyone will be affected differently by an issue (which can be a result of many factors such as culture, class, race, etc.). Professor Kapoor also defined the environment as something that is not only the natural environment; the term 'environment' can also be used to describe the social interactions happening within an institutional environment, cultural environment or social environment (Kapoor, 2010). In both contexts of 'environment', there are many uses for it (Kapoor, 2010). Thus, it inherently becomes political. An example which supports the idea that the environment is inherently political is shown in the documentary "The Golf War". In the Philippines, there is a huge dispute over farmland that citizens
The Analysis and Critique of Animal Factories
Daniel Strauss Word Count: 1,042 May 10, 2010 Animal Science 375 The Analysis and Critique of Animal Factories The reality of the modern animal factory presents a sharp and clear contrast to the types of country-dwelling farms that most people like to think of. The truth is, these stereotypical modern day farms are slowly being replaced with towering animal factories. There are no pastures, streams, or sounds of nature inside these factories. Inside these desolate factories, the changing of seasons cannot be observed, nor are there signs of sunlight to differentiate between day and night. Jim Mason and Peter Singer's book, Animal Factories, has raised a storm of controversy since its original publication in 1980. In this book, Mason and Singer address the issues involving the change in agriculture, the environment, the health of consumers, and the welfare of animals in agribusiness. First, Mason and Singer discuss many of the problems that have grown from the transition to animal factories. One of the first topics covered in their book is the extreme change that agriculture has seen since animal factories have grown in number. Mason and Singer state that big farms are getting bigger, while the number of farms is declining. This means that the very few, but largest agribusiness companies have taken control of the market. According to the two authors, the