A view of ordinaly life lived under Machiavelli and Rousseau
A view of ordinaly life lived under Machiavelli and Rousseau The different political systems which Machiavelli and Rousseau heralded contrasted greatly. Reasons for each of their doctrines were completely different, therefore the style of the institutions vary considerably. However it could be argued that the way of life for an ordinary citizen may not necessarily be as different. This essay intends to show firstly, the reasons behind both writers theories; secondly, the different political systems resulting from these; thirdly, the way of life under each system. Both writers' style of writing suggests that it is written for males, the name of Machiavellis book alone is an example of this. It is therefore very difficult to write this essay with females in mind, where possible, an impersonal pronoun has been used but unfortunately this is not always possible. With each persons' reading of the two authors, different visualisations of how each sytem will present themselves occurs. However in order for this essay to be of any relevance, some central themes in each writer must be evident. It therefore makes common sense in concentrating on generalisations of hypothetical States rather than attempting to relate each writer to an existing one. Machiavelli has been described by some as a realist. The main objective for Machiavelli is success, or more poignantly defined as, success
The Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) incorporates the rights enshrined in the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) into domestic law and represents a fundamental change in the protection of rights.
The Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) incorporates the rights enshrined in the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) into domestic law and represents a fundamental change in the protection of rights. Traditionally, UK citizens were free to do anything unless prevented by statute or common law and if required, citizens would have to rely upon ad hoc statutory provisions, e.g. Habeas Corpus Acts, Race and Sex Discrimination Acts1, or judicial protection under the Common Law, which could elicit unexpected and widely differing outcomes, when used in response to executive action.2 3 Thus a formalised declaration of rights which would enable an individual to challenge the actions of the state more readily would be obviously welcomed, as Jack Straw4 maintained that, "it will strengthen representative and democratic government." Unwelcome, however, would be any influence which could undermine the UK constitution, and concerns regarding the diminution of Parliamentary sovereignty and increased judicial power, were voiced prior enactment of the Human Rights Bill5. These concerns are paramount, as the UK has no written, codified document outlining the rules of governance. Our constitution is based on the Doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty which establishes that Parliament is the supreme legal authority; only Parliament can make or repeal law. The judges are tied to this doctrine,
Platonic message from Martin Luther King jr.
Platonic message from martin luther king jr. For now, behold what I say to you my fellow clergymen. For you have much to learn about your very own self. Where is the light of success in the fateful tunnel of darkness in which many men dwell? Is it not possible for you to uncover your eyes and see what path you have chosen for yourself? This life of darkness will never prove its worthiness in the days to come. What goodness will come to those men who choose to segregate blacks and whites? Will a black man ever feel good about himself if he is to sit back and do nothing about his rights, the very rights that must be fought for at this very time. We know not how to act! I write you this letter much like Paul wrote to the Ephesians. I must convey to you that what I am doing here in this city is of a worthy cause. What I am doing here is an act, if you will, of standing up. You must choose how you will act, for no man may make the decisions of another. You must choose to stand up and strive to be equal, or sit down and be trodden upon. We see, see but how must we challenge an authority that has put us in such a weak position? You must walk softly, and carry a big stick. For what you do must not be of violent acts, but of love and peace. Making enemies with the people who want to maintain power over us will only bring more suffering to our people. You must not
Forensic psychology essay
Essay 2 The search for the truth behind murder begins with the killer's intent. The study of motivation is important, as understanding thought patterns in murderers may help make sense of a seemingly motiveless murder. Outline the evidence relating to motivational factors involved in murder. Discuss the above with particular reference to a specific type of murder, i.e. - serial, sexual, cult, domestic, etc. FBI Special Agent Robert Ressler was the first person to use the term "serial murderer", when he was involved in the "Son of Sam" killings in New York in the 1970s1. In recent years, serial murderers have been held accountable for "2000 to 3500 murders a year, more than 10% of all murders in the U.S. 1" In this essay, I will discuss various theories that have been proposed over the years to explain the motivational factors involved in serial homicide. Even though a universal definition of serial homicide has yet to be formulated, the majority of researchers, investigators and clinicians view serial murder as sexually motivated, "basically a sub-type of sexual homicide" (Schlesinger, 2000). One of the difficulties associated with research in this area is the fact that, in USA, national crime statistics on the number of sexual/serial homicides aren't maintained; indeed even homicides with "distinctly overt signs of sexual motivation" aren't grouped separately but are
The Role of Government and campaigners in Protecting and Promoting Human Rights in IRAQ
Nabil Saeed Introduction to Human Rights Essay 2 The Role of Government and campaigners in Protecting and Promoting Human Rights in IRAQ Since the September 9/11 attack on the World Trade centre in USA the world has become a different place. "Whether you are with us or against us" said President W.Bush and that comment divided the world into two groups, either with the Americans or against the Americans simple and clear. As the USA blamed Osama Bin Laden for the attacks and all the Islamic fundamentalists for war against non-Muslims, USA attacked and invaded Afghanistan and then Iraq. They believed that Afghanistan was hosting and protecting Osama bin laden and Iraq for developing weapons of mass destruction. Until Now (2006) Osama bin laden was never caught in Afghanistan and no weapons of mass destruction were found in Iraq. So the war against terrorism is never going to be justified with no proof found. This essay will explain how the war in IRAQ has affected the Role of government in protecting the Iraqi human rights and the scale of campaigners who are operating separately in promoting and protecting as well the abused human rights that the Iraqi people are suffering form. Around the world governments has been the protector of human rights for their citizens. They implement rules and laws that explain the consequences of abusing these rights. The government must be
Give an overview of the history and background of aboriginals in Australia and white settlement and mistreatment.
Reconciliation always begins with acknowledgement or, more colloquially, "truth telling". In Australia, there is a need to acknowledge that the benefits now enjoyed by some have been at the expense of incalculable suffering to others. "Truth telling" is unresolved "sorry business" for the nation. The overall argument of this essay is that Aboriginal Reconciliation is that there is no agreed definition of reconciliation. It is agreed, however, that reconciliation encompasses reparation, as recommended by the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families, five components of reparation have been recommended: Acknowledgement and apology, guarantees against repetition, measures of restitution, measures of rehabilitation, and monetary compensation (United Nations Commission on Human Rights, 2003). There are various obstacles to the achievement of Reconciliation, and in my view the main obstacles are the on-going debate about a Treaty or Bill of Rights, the Australian Government's the failure to address indigenous rights issues effectively, and the lack to provide an apology, This essay is in four sections. In the first I will give an overview of the history and background of aboriginals in Australia and white settlement and mistreatment. In the second I will explain what has been dealt with and what Acts have been
Pashukanis theory can be utilised to shed light on such issues that ultimately produce inequalities within a capitalist system. Discuss.
Pashukanis reiterated criticisms through his General Theory;1 including his Marxist analysis of the commodity exchange theory2 evidently demonstrating that Pashukanis represented a genuine Marxist analysis of law. During the 1937 Stalinist purges, Pashukanis continued to persist that the law should wither away in an attempt towards socialism. This was inconsistent with the Stalinist regime because Stalin insisted that the state and the law be strengthened in the movement towards socialism. As a result, his thesis that the law would wither away became increasingly unacceptable and led to his demise3. Although Pashukanis became a victim of the Stalinist purge his powerful theoretic contributions remain to have a contemporary resonance. This essay will seek to outline the extent to which Pashukanis represented a genuine Marxist analysis of law; why his interpretation initially served and then became incompatible with the needs of the Stalinist regime and the contemporary relevance of Pashukanis' work. Pashukanis asserts that law is simply the form taken by the exchange relation of isolated individuals just as exchange value was for Marx, simply the form taken by value. Law is some specific social relationship and can be understood in the same sense as that in which Marx termed capital a social relationship. Pashukanis also illustrates how commodity fetishism complements legal
How have law and international institutions sought to promote human rights globally? To what extent is there a global consensus on the theory and practice of human rights?
Fiona Fairbairn Mansfield College Hartmut Mayer How have law and international institutions sought to promote human rights globally? To what extent is there a global consensus on the theory and practice of human rights? Human Rights is a notion that human beings have rights because they are human beings, not because they are citizens of some particular state. In the contemporary world, there has been the dramatic upsurge in the question of human rights and their place in the state system. In world society today, most states acknowledge that issues connected with the fundamental rights of human beings are a legitimate part of foreign policy. The process leading to the new standing of the concept of human rights was formally heralded by the establishment in 1946 of the United Nation Commission on Human Rights and in December 1948, the General Assembly passed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Two Covenants were designed to give substance to this: the first was on economic, social and cultural rights; and the second on civil and political rights. The first was passed in 1966 (though not operative until ten years later) but the second Covenant has had a much more difficult ride and the investigatory committee established has constantly run up against recalcitrant governments insisting on the overriding principle of states' rights. For example, Israel refused to
Analyse Kant's concept of the Good Will
Analyse Kant's concept of the Good Will Immanuel Kant is the greatest advocate of all theories of deontological ethics; which means an action is good regardless of the consequences, i.e. it is of intrinsic value. However the problem with this theory is that not everybody will find the same actions good, as we all live in different societies, each having its own idea of what is good and bad, right and wrong. For example, in a strict Muslim country they may stone an individual who commits adultery because they believe that this harsh punishment is the right act. However, their action may be deemed savage and excessive in the eyes of a western liberal who would rather jail the individual. So how do we decide which action is good? To understand a theory which solves this predicament, we turn to Kant. Kant believes that all humans should use their ability to think rationally and dispassionately when faced with any situation. Kant argues that reason is and inborn intellectual power existing more or less equally in all men, enabling us to resolve a problem in a way that is essentially acceptable to everyone. More simply, if reason is universal then moral commands generated from reason will be universal and understood by all men. So Kant created a test, the Categorical Imperative, which will determine which moral laws should be unconditionally obeyed. Kant says that is a moral
Are Human Rights Compatible With The Fear Of Terrorism?
Are Human Rights Compatible With The Fear Of Terrorism? What are Human rights? Every Human has certain rights these rights have been set down historically by religion or by cultural traditions. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was the first real commitment to human rights it was agreed by all members of the UN. Upon signing the treaty of Rome and joining the European Union Britain became a part of a union of nations these nations all had differing interpretations of what human rights were. So in 1950 the European convention of human rights was drafted. It encompassed each of the member states present ideals and views on human rights and built upon the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In this essay I will endeavour to consider weather these human rights can be found compatible with modern society's fear of terrorism. How do these rights filter into our legal system? Basically the European convention allowed people of member states to defend any infringement of their human rights this is mainly due to the establishment of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), however it was the view of the union as a whole that each member incorporate the convention into domestic law. This has been implemented in all member states except Ireland and Norway. In the UK the convention was introduced into domestic law through the 1998 Human Rights Act. This Act mirrored