Evaluate recent developments, regarding access issues in the countryside, in order to determine their success at enhancing recreational pursuits.
Evaluate recent developments, regarding access issues in the countryside, in order to determine their success at enhancing recreational pursuits The countryside attracts huge numbers of visitors. In 1998, the 'UK Day Visitor Survey' produced by the Countryside Agency, reported that 66% of the English population had made a visit to the countryside sometime during that year compared to only 51% who had visited the seaside in the same period. Thus it is evident that rural areas have become increasingly important spaces for the performance of leisure and recreational pursuits. The main socio-economic factors which have stimulated and encouraged this growth relate to increased availability of leisure time and increased spending power allowing people to travel to and undertake a wider and more diverse range of recreational activities in rural areas (Groome, 1993). Visitors to the countryside support an estimated 340 000 jobs and contribute approximately £11.5 billion per year to the rural economy (Countryside Agency, www.countryside.gov.uk, 2001). In 1998, 1 253 million day visits were made to the English countryside, of which 35% were in order to go walking, cycling or horse-riding and 38% were made on foot (Countryside Agency, CA63, 2000). In total there are more than 105 000 miles of public rights of way woven into the fabric of the UK countryside. These paths, in all their
Address the relevance of current legislation in its relation to the problems of homelessness.
This essay tries to address the relevance of current legislation in its relation to the problems of homelessness. First, a brief synopsis of some of the historical and current, relevant legislation is described; parts of that legislation are discussed in relation to homelessness; and finally some of the weaknesses are discussed. It is clear that homelessness and housing problems are not a new phenomenon. To chart the history of homelessness problems the easiest starting point is the Middle Ages. Religious foundations were the staple environments to assist the homeless of that period until King Henry VIII abolished this help. It was considered to be a religious duty for all Christians to undertake the seven corporal works of mercy. 1 After the establishment of the Church of England, many of the old values and moral expectations disappeared so it became necessary to regulate the relief of poverty by law. It was during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, daughter of King Henry VIII, that a spate of legislation was passed to deal with the increasing problem of raising and administering poor relief2. 'Poor Law' of 1601 was established. This was a basic taxation of the rich to encourage the home parishes to supply housing. Invariably this lead to the instigation of workhouses and the impoverished living standards associated with it. However, this form of assistance carried
Protecting Human Rights in the UK - Case notes: Bellinger v Bellinger (Lord Chancellor intervening).
Protecting Human Rights in the UK Case note Bellinger v Bellinger (Lord Chancellor intervening) [2003] UKHL 21 Facts Mrs Bellinger was correctly recorded at birth as a male. Following gender reassignment therapy and subsequent surgery, she has presented herself as, and to acted as a female. A ceremony was performed in 1981 in which, to the external observer Mr and Mrs Bellinger were married. Mrs Bellinger wished to have that marriage declared valid, or failing that, for domestic legislation to be declared incompatible with provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights. Relevant law Section 11 (c) of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 declares that a marriage will be void if the parties are not respectively male and female. The problem arose in this context with Mrs Bellinger, and the factors the court was prepared to employ to determine her gender. As the House of Lords decision ultimately refused to classify Mrs Bellinger as female for the purposes of s11 (c) of the Matrimonial Causes Act, the marriage is void, as two males cannot lawfully marry one another in the United Kingdom. The test which has been used in similar cases to determine a post-operative transsexuals gender, and which was referred to in this case was that established in Corbett v Corbett1 in 1971. Ormrod J concluded that a person's sex is ascertained at birth and cannot be changed, and this
Rational Action, Freedom, and Choice Is a naturalistic account of rational human action possible? Obviously, we can't answer this
Kathy Nguyen 5/12/05 English 101 Rational Action, Freedom, and Choice Is a naturalistic account of rational human action possible? Obviously, we can't answer this question without being told what the questioner means by a 'naturalistic account'. For most philosophers, however, 'naturalistic' just means 'physicalistic'. For many of these philosophers, a naturalistic account of rational human action would be one which represented human actions as being full physical events with full physical causes and the quality of an action could only have something to do with how and by what it was caused. For example, it might be held that every human action is simply a bodily movement of some kind and that such an action qualifies as a reason just in case it was caused by being of certain. Psychological states of a person whose contain represented an action as serving a person's interests in the circumstances, in which a person found himself. For such a statement to qualify as naturalistic in the sense now under consideration, it would have to form a physicalistic account of mental representation and of a person's interests. Perhaps such a statement of mental representation could be provided in expressing terms and perhaps such a statement of a person's interests could be provided in terms of a process of change. I shall give my reasons for saying this shortly. Before coming to these
Rawls, A Theory of Justice, Chapter 21. Formal Justice
Rawls, A Theory of Justice, Chapter 2 . Formal Justice We can understand social institutions as defined by systems of rules. The social institution exists while those rules are publicly acknowledged, and people are regarded as occupying the social positions defined by those rules, and perform the actions defined by the rules (p.55). (It is assumed then that these rules are public, p.56.) We should note the distinction between the constitutive rules of an institution and the strategies and maxims for how best to take advantage of the rules (p.56). Certainly, in designing the rules, we should take account of how people are likely to act once those rules are in place (p.57). Now we may introduce a notion of 'formal justice' (p.58). This is a matter of the (constitutive) rules being followed conscientiously, and enforced impartially and consistently. This is obviously compatible with injustice, if the rules themselve are unjust. But along with the publicity of the rules, it at least enables everyone to know where they are and what they can expect (p.59). (Rawls mentions the view that formal justice is unlikely to obtain in a grossly unjust society, p.60.) In fact, formal justice or 'justice as regularity' is at least one component of the idea of the 'rule of law' which we will be examining later. 2. Rawls's Two Principles The two principles (p.60). The two principles
I.T. and the Law
I.T. and the Law There are a lot of Law and I.T related rules. The three I shall be explaining and elaborating about today are: . Copyright Act 1988 2. Data Protection Act 3. Misuse of Computer Act 1990 Copyright Act The Copyright Designs and Patents Act (1988) states that it is illegal to copy software without the permission of the person or company that owns the copyright for the software. This means that it is illegal to make copies of floppy disks or CD-ROMs containing computer software or to install the same software onto more than one computer unless you have a special licence agreement. Licence Agreement A licence agreement does not make it harder to copy software. A licence agreement is a legal contract agreed between the person who buys a software package and the company that developed and sells it. It states what the person who has purchased the software may do with it. The agreement serves two main purposes: . It makes it easier for a software company to successfully take legal action against a person who has pirated software. 2. If a company purchases a software package then the licence agreement may give the company permission to install the software onto more than one computer. This is known as a network or multi-user licence. This type of licence is very convenient for companies, which have many computers, connected to a network. The company will
MA (law) research question 2003/4.
MA (law) research question 2003/4 To approach my client's case, a brief summarisation of the essential facts is required. Mr Apoe, who had been on a tourist visa for some time, last year had his application to remain in the UK as a resident turned down. He was expressly told by the authorities that a 'genetic fingerprint' yielded from a compulsory blood test was needed for the purposes of an identity card should his application be successful. It is possible that the results of his 'genetic fingerprint' contributed towards the subsequent refusal of his application. In assessing the legality of this decision, it is clear that the issues of consent, data protection, and human rights are vital. This paper intends to examine each of these issues, garnering relevant statutes and common law judgments, then gauging their effect on the case in hand. This is important as merely offering a theoretical analysis of the three issues would not yield any tangible benefit for the client. Consequently, possible avenues of appeal against the decision will be raised, as will potential remedies. As a result concrete advice can be given to the client. It will be submitted, however, that the three issues are not mutually exclusive, instead tangling together in a complicated manner. The thread of consent, though appearing in its own right in certain precedents, weaves right through data protection
Can a Utilitarian support Human Rights protection
Can a Utilitarian Support Human Rights protection? . Introduction The protection of human right is one of the challenges that we face today, for instance killing innocent, children abusing, and gender-based inequality. In the face of increasing of violation of human rights surrounding the world, it seems very important to examine the ways by which we could protect human rights. In this essay I would like to make such an analysing the utilitarian principle in view of examines whether it can help us to protect human rights or not. The argument is that utilitarianism does not provide with a sufficient theoretical basis for the protection of human rights. In order to do that, we will begin by go through the utilitarian thought, and then examine the notion of human rights. We will also see the relationship of these conceptions: utilitarianism and human rights, on how they engage to one another. 2. Concept of Human Rights First of all, it is significant to have such a clear perception about what "human rights" actually are? Martin Scheinin (1998) provides a human rights definition as follows: "By human rights we mean the rights that belong to all humans equally. Today we consider as human rights mainly those rights that are protected by universal or regional human rights conventions. Human rights conventions are legally binding international treaties between states. In the
Should Pornography be banned?
Should pornography be banned? The debate over pornography is one of much international deliberation. Almost everybody has an opinion on the matter, and reaching a global agreement is impossible. The concept of a ban on pornography is one which carries with it multiple issues, all of which will be considered. It is somewhat ineffective debating over a topic when the word alone brings confusion. Therefore, the essay begin by discussing what pornography constitutes, followed by its various impacts on society using John Stuart Mill's 'Harm Principle1'. The assignment will then consider how attitudes and laws on pornography have developed through time and acknowledge how they differ between countries. The essay shall subsequently examine the current law on pornography and discuss whether a further ban is reasonable, necessary and practical and the consequences it may bring. Pornography is notoriously difficult to define and its multiple definitions have lead to some confusion. George Ryley Scott suggested that whether a book or picture dealing with a sexual theme was pornographic or not depended upon the mind of the reader or observer2. The Oxford English Dictionary defines pornography as "the explicit description or exhibition of sexual activity in literature, films, etc., intended to stimulate erotic rather than aesthetic or emotional feelings3." However the most recent
"An essay on the 'Prisoner's Dilemma'."
"An essay on the 'Prisoner's Dilemma'." The problem of the prisoner's dilemma is an intriguing one. Elegant in it's simplicity at `first sight, on closer inspection it reveals a depth of complexity which can confound and confuse, leading observers first to one (seemingly) perfectly rational solution, and then subsequently to an equally rational and yet diametrically opposed one. In marked contrast to some of the equally well known yet more contrived paradigms (later we will consider Newcomb's Problem in which we pit our wits against some omnipotent being who apparently has the ability to predict our future behaviours) it is an instance of a paradoxical situation with which we can easily associate and as such is made all the more interesting. It is not hard to imagine oneself in the position of the prisoner deliberating as to the likely actions of his partner in crime (pun intended) whom, we can assume with some reasonable level of confidence, is likely to reason and act in the same fashion. Before analysis, let us first summarise the key points of the problem.You and I are prisoners guilty of some crime. We will be sentenced according to the following rules: `þ If I confess and you don't, I will go free whilst you will receive a ten year sentence `(and vice-versa). `þ If we both confess we will each receive a five year sentence. `þ If neither of us confess we will