Pharmacist Intervention in Promoting Men's Health (Literature Review)
Student Name: YULLIS HEWIS RN: 07152898 Word Count: 3229 Due Date 30 November 2007 Programme: MSc Advancing Pharmacy Practice Assignment: Literature Review Title: PHARMACIST INTERVENTIONS IN PROMOTING MEN'S HEALTH PHARMACIST INTERVENTIONS IN PROMOTING MEN'S HEALTH BACKGROUND Back to 10 years ago, in public health agenda, mostly the health of men are out of the discussion. However, the men's health now attracting more attention from many parties recently. Talking about men's health is not merely focused on the reproductive health that needs to be addressed. However, in most common health issues are approached as general health problems between men and women. According to statistical data from United Nations, World Population Prospects, year 2006, the expectancy at age 60 of men is lower by 1-7% with the average of 5 years, compare to women in all countries in the world. This data indicates sex differences in survival into older ages. Among the 25 largest countries, the gap in average life expectancy between women and men is largest in the Russian Federation (13.2 years), Ukraine (10.3 years) and France (7.5 years). The gap is the smallest in Iran (1.2 years), and India (0.5 years). This evidence shows that men's health are poorer than women's health, by means there are important needs to improve men's health to live better quality of
How has the archetypal concept of drug addiction based on the model of physical tolerance, craving, and withdrawal been undermined by social and psychological research?
How has the archetypal concept of drug addiction based on the model of physical tolerance, craving, and withdrawal been undermined by social and psychological research? The concept addiction in relation to narcotic and alcohol use is often seen as an intrinsic part of drug abuse especially opiates, in particular Heroin. One is lead to believe by the media and drug awareness schemes that 'physical and psychological dependence upon heroin is likely to occur'1 as a result of trying Heroin. The negative withdrawal systems of coming off Heroin are also well publicised with abstinence from the drug bringing such symptoms 'as chronic diarrhoea, muscle cramps, vomiting, insomnia, sweating, anxiety, and tremors'2. As a society we are warned about the negative social effects that Heroin users bring in particular the crimes they commit to maintain their habits. Heroin use has long been associated with crime because its importation and distribution are illegal and because many addicted people turn to theft and prostitution to obtain money to buy the drug. In addition, violent competition between drug dealers has resulted in many murders and the deaths of innocent bystanders. From 1979 through 1990 arrests for heroin manufacture, sale, or possession in the United States held steady, but in the 1990s arrests rose as the drug's popularity began to increase once more3. Due to the
Research Proposal. The effect of Music on relieving anxiety perioperatively in patients undergoing ambulatory surgery service
MSc Intake N14 Group B SSN 09036 The effect of Music on relieving anxiety perioperatively in patients undergoing ambulatory surgery service Abstract – Anxiety is unpleasant sensations, and can also adversely influence the surgical procedure as well as affect the patient’s recovery (Jamison et al, 1987). Reports indicated that a significant number of adult patients undergoing surgical procedures experienced high levels of anxiety before surgery (Badner et al, 1990). It means patients scheduled to have surgery induces their feeling of fear and anxiety in all phases of surgery: preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative. Music is a method of treatment that humankind has relied on for many centuries. Research has also supported the effectiveness of music therapy as a treatment modality for many clinical issues (Lehrer, 2007). By providing music as nursing intervention to patient perioperatively, it hopes that the patient’s anxiety level could be reduced. Aim – The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of music on perioperative levels of anxiety in the operative patients. To investigate the effectiveness of this nursing intervention, we are going to study in the surgical patient at Ambulatory Surgery Centre in Hong Kong Hospital. Background and Significance Ambulatory Day Surgery Centre in Hong Kong, Hospital Authority (HA) provides ambulatory care for
Research proposal: Vitamin D, an antihypertensive agonist? The aim of this study therefore is to explore the effect of Vitamin D as an antihypertensive agonist. In addition, it would investigate any difference between supplemental vitamin D and dietary vi
Research proposal: Vitamin D, an antihypertensive agonist? Nadine El Halabi Rima kaddoura Mohammad Kobrosly Fall 2010-2011 Nursing 406 American University of Beirut According to the American Heart Association, the estimated percentage of people suffering from hypertension in the United States is 33.3% (AHA, 2009). Meanwhile, a study conducted in Lebanon in 2005 revealed that 23.1% of the Lebanese population suffers from hypertension. The prevalence of this disease is increasing annually in association with the increase of cardiovascular risk factors (obesity, smoking, high fat diet, diabetes... etc.). Therefore, a lot of studies have been conducted in order to improve the continuous care and to promote awareness for those people who are at a high risk for developing hypertension. On the other hand, vitamin D deficiency is very common in today's Lebanese population with a study revealing that 85 % of postmenopausal osteoporotic women are vitamin d deficient (Yared, 2009) . Vitamin D is known to have an effect on renal and cardiovascular functions (Li, 2003). Therefore it is directed towards the same target as antihypertensive medications. As a matter of fact, vitamin D has receptors in the kidneys that alter the renin-angiotensin system which has a direct effect on controlling blood pressure (Li, 2003). It may be used from several sources, which include:
Critically discuss the theoretical explanations put forward to explain alcohol dependence and discuss the rationale for prevention programmes for hazardous drinkers.
Addictions. Critically discuss the theoretical explanations put forward to explain alcohol dependence and discuss the rationale for prevention programmes for hazardous drinkers. This assignment aims to evaluate current theoretical explanations that are relevant to the field of addiction and to explore the reasons and intentions behind various prevention programmes for hazardous drinkers. There are many different types of theoretical explanations and models relating to addiction, and most research has focussed on alcohol dependency. (Ogden, 2004) However it is important to define what is meant by the term "addiction"; Goodman (2005) puts forward the following as a definition for addiction: A process whereby a behaviour, that can function both to produce pleasure and to provide escape from internal discomfort, is employed in a pattern characterized by recurrent failure to control the behaviour and continuation of the behaviour despite significant negative consequences. (Goodman, 2005, online) Although the term "addiction" is still widely used current theorists and scholars are tending to use the term "dependence" in modern research and studies. People can become dependant not only on external substances that are ingested but also to risky behaviours such as gambling, extreme sports etc. In this respect anything that induces a pleasurable physiological change has the
Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias
Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias The word "dementia" refers to symptoms found in people who have cognitive problems. This is a result of losing brain cells. Although losing brain cells is part of the aging process, illnesses related to dementia of any kind occurs at a faster rate. The result is impaired thought processes (Alzheimer-Europe. Undated). There are many types of dementia, 84 in all. Some dementias are the result of another illness, such as AIDS. It is known that HIV and AIDS has a direct effect on the brain and cognitive impairment. Between eight and sixteen per cent of AIDS patients develop a progressive type of dementia. Persons with HIV usually develop dementia in the end stages of their disease. Some symptoms of dementia may surface earlier. Symptoms include: confusion, difficulty, apathy, blunted emotions, and loss of inhibitions. Victims of AIDS however, appear to maintain most of their original behaviors until death occurs. Years of heavy drinking can result in a form of dementia. Sometimes, however, when the person stops drinking and begins to eat a balanced diet, improvements in cognition may occur. Year of heavy drinking can also cause Korsakoff's syndrome, which involves extensive memory loss. Korsakoff's Syndrome is not actually a form of dementia; its symptoms are similar to those of dementia (Alzheimer-Europe. Undated). Crutzfeldt-Jacob
For the completion of the Applied Physiology assignment, students are asked to research and discuss the structure and function of three of the bodies systems, these systems are respiratory, cardiovascular and renal.
Introduction For the completion of the Applied Physiology assignment, students are asked to research and discuss the structure and function of three of the bodies systems, these systems are respiratory, cardiovascular and renal. Research will then be done on the composition and function of blood, explaining the normal function of red and white blood cells and platelets. This will also include the destruction process and the normal clotting mechanism. Students are also asked to describe the relationship between the three systems and homeostatic mechanisms in maintaining physiological function. This will also mean looking at the structure of the trachea and nose, the bronchi and the lungs and the heart and the lungs to explain homeostasis. All of these systems may experience disorders within their normal mechanisms i.e. coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory diseases and renal diseases. Blood groups will also be identified and the Rhesus factor described, this will also include the causes of iron deficiency and anaemia. Relate structure and function of the respiratory system, the cardiovascular system and the renal system The respiratory system The respiratory system consists of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, the lungs, alveoli, rib cage and the diaphragm. Working together with breathing muscles the respiratory system
Metabolic Homeostasis.
CONTENTS . INTRODUCTION: PAGE 3 2. OVERVIEW OF METABOLIC HOMEOSTASIS: PAGE 4 * GLYCOLYSIS * GLYCONEOGENESIS 3. METABOLIC FUELS AND THE BODY'S ORGANS: PAGE 6 * METABOLIC FUELS * PRINCIPAL ORGANS INVOLVED IN REGULATION * METABOLISM AND THE G.I. TRACT * METABOLISM AND THE HEART * METABOLISM AND THE KIDNEYS * METABOLISM, BLOOD AND OTHER BODY FLUIDS 4. REGULATION HORMONES: PAGE 13 * HORMONAL RATE OF EFFECT * HORMONAL EFFECTS ON MUSCLE * HORMONAL EFFECTS ON LIVER * REGULATION OF INSULIN SECRETION * CELLULAR INSULIN ACTION * REGULATION OF GLUCAGON SECRETION * REGULATION OF FUEL METABOLISM IN EXERCISE 5. APPETITE, HUNGER AND FOOD INTAKE: PAGE 16 * INFLUENCES DICTATING HUNGER * INFLUENCES DICTATING APPETITE * FOOD INTAKE AND ENERGY BALANCE 6. GLUCOSE AND CARBOHYDRATE HOMEOSTASIS: PAGE 19 * DISPOSITION OF HIGH GLUCOSE INTAKE * GLYCOGENOLYSIS IN "FED" STATE * REGULATION OF GLYCOGENOLYSIS 7. CONCLUSIONS: PAGE 22 8. REFERENCES: PAGE 23 THIS ASSIGNMENT IS MY OWN WORK. IT HAS NOT BEEN, AND WILL NOT BE, PRESENTED FOR ASSESSMENT FOR ANY OTHER MODULE OR PIECE OF WORK WHICH ACCRUES CREDIT FOR THE AWARD FOR WHICH I AM CURRENTLY STUDYING OR FOR ANY OTHER AWARD. SIGNED: _____________________________________ . INTRODUCTION: The normal function of cells, tissues, and organisms requires energy. This energy is obtained by the oxidation
Immunity - Immunisation is a quick, simple and safe way to protect an individual from infection.
Immunity Immunisation is a quick, simple and safe way to protect an individual from infection. The more people immunised in childhood, the more rare diseases become. Immunisation therefore protects not just your child but babies, adults and other children too. Artificial immunisation is a way of creating immunity to certain infections using relatively harmless antigens that come from, or are similar to, the micro organism that cause infection. Microorganisms can be viruses, such as measles, or bacteria such as Diphtheria. An antibody is an immunoglobulin (protein molecule produced to combat microbial infection and provide immunity) produced because of an antigen introduced to the body. An antigen is a substance that stimulates an immune response (triggered when the body detects the presence of foreign material, this substance is an antigen) e.g. can be pathogens, vaccines, pollen, and even some food. Each antigen stimulates the production of a specific antibody itself. The antibody helps the body to fight against infection. Antibody production is a major function of the immune system and is carried out by B-lymphocytes; these are a type of white blood cells. Cells called T-lymphocytes "regulate the immune response by releasing chemicals to stimulate or suppress antibody production" (GNVQ advanced options, Human physiology and health in the caring context). The
Crohn's disease
Introduction A 17 year old woman, born and raised in Russia, was admitted to the hospital with a 5 month history of bloody diarrhoea, weight loss of 9 kg, weakness, anorexia, low grade fever and episodes of pain in the right lower abdominal quadrant. There was no family history of inflammatory bowel disease or colon cancer. Physical examination revealed mild abdominal tenderness, mostly confined to the right lower quadrant. The laboratory tests showed a mild anaemia of 10.5 haemoglobin (normal is11.5 to 15.5 g/dl), a serum ferritin of 8.75 (normal is12-237 ng/ml) and a serum folate of 4.9 ng/ml (normal is 5.3-14.4 ng/ml). Stool samples were negative for infectious organisms. A pregnancy test was also negative. The health care professional suspected that Crohn's disease was the cause of the symptoms and further investigations to confirm diagnosis was suggested. This report will discuss the pathway of the patient undergoing various diagnostic imaging investigations in the initial diagnosis of Crohn's disease. What is Crohn's Disease? Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease affecting any part of the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus frequently leading to discontinuous inflammation, bowel strictures, ileus and fistulas (Podolsky, 2002). About 31,000 people in England and 1,800 in Wales have Crohn's disease and there are about 2,650 new cases each