Using 6 mm thick low carbon steel plate as the parent material. Deposit a weld bead on each side of the parent using the shielded metal arc process. Vary the size of electrode in each case.
Department of Mechanical Engineering Joining and Metallurgical Examination William Andrew Annal Group W3-6 Contents . Front Page - 1 2. Contents - 2 3. Safety - 3 4. Process Theory - 4-5 5. Process Application - 6 6. Procedure of SMAW - 7 7. Results - 8 8. Results Discussion - 9 9. Welding Effects On Microstructure - 10-11 0. Preparation - 12 1. Photographic Technique - 13 2. Observations - 14 3. Conclusions - 15 Safety Joining in the workshop involves many risks due to the use of high currents, temperatures and flammable gasses. Arc/Mig/Tig Welding - During these welding types high currents are being used so it is important to isolate the process from anything that may catch fire or cause the operator any electrical shock (oil, water, rags etc). High intensities of visible and UV light are emitted so it is mandatory that the operator uses a welding mask that protects the user from harmful rays and spatter. It is also important that the skin of the user is fully covered since the UV rays damage the skin and can lead to skin cancer. Gas Welding & Brazing - The safety precautions in welding with gas include: a number of one-way safety valves fitted to regulators to prevent gasses which might cause the cylinders to explode from re-entering the pipes. The pipes are colour coded to prevent any confusion between the oxygen (blue) and acetylene (red) pipes.
Different methods of collecting data to investigate the chemistry of the stratosphere
Chemistry coursework practice Open book paper Different methods of collecting data to investigate the chemistry of the stratosphere The troposphere extends from 12km - 50km above the Earth's surface. Ozone is present from 15km - 35km. Many different techniques are used to investigate the stratosphere. Monitoring Measurements can be taken using the helium balloons. A 10 miles long cord is used to attach the balloon and the measuring device which can be reeled in and out to take measurements at different altitudes. Spectroscopic measurements can also be taken from the ground stations by looking upwards through the vertical column of the air. Laboratory measurements We need to know which species absorb solar radiation, the wavelength of the radiation absorbed and the strength of the radiation. It is also important to know which products are formed as a result of which reaction and the rate of the reaction, using the flash photolysis technique. In this, an intense laser flash starts the reaction and the composition is measured spectroscopically using a carefully times second flash. Meteorology It is essential to know about the conditions in the stratosphere and the how the gases mix up. Distances are vast in the stratosphere and the mixing between the vertical layers is slow, whereas air circulating around latitude lines, help gasses to mix within a layer. The
The purpose of this experiment was to find the normal force and the lift curve slope by measuring the static pressure distribution around a symmetrical aerofoil.The experiment involved studying the distribution of pressure for different angles of attack
Title Pressure Distribution Around A Symmetrical Aerofoil Introduction The purpose of this experiment was to find the normal force and the lift curve slope by measuring the static pressure distribution around a symmetrical aerofoil. The experiment involved studying the distribution of pressure for different angles of attack. There were five different angles of attack in the experiment - -4, 1,6,11 and 16 degrees. To discuss about the experiment it is needed to understand some phrases. And they are as follows: a) Aerofoil b) Lift c) Angle of Attack d) Lift Coefficient e) Drag f) Stagnation point Aerofoil An aerofoil or airfoil section is a two-dimensional object, the shape of the cross-section of the wing, with the function of producing a controllable aerodynamic force by its motion through the atmosphere. To be useful this aerodynamic force must have a lifting component which is much greater than the drag component. In a powered aircraft the motion through the air is provided by the thrust so, in effect, the aerofoil is a device that converts thrust into lift. Normally the aerofoil is incorporated into a wing with upper and lower surfaces enclosing the load bearing structure. The aerofoil diagrams are in figure 2 and 3. Lift When the aircraft is cruising in straight and level flight, at low altitudes, the wings are set at a small angle, 2 to 5 degrees, to the
Temperature, Amylase and Starch.
Temperature, Amylase and Starch Introduction Enzymes are the catalysts of chemical reactions taking place in living organisms. Each Enzyme is a protein that catalysts a particular reaction. Enzymes break down bigger molecules into smaller ones. Enzymes work best at temperatures like body temperature (37?C). They also work best within a small PH range, which is different for each enzyme. Amylase occurs widely in plants and animals. In human it is found in the Salvia and in pancreatic juice. Like most enzymes temperatures above 60?C denature amylase. Amylase helps to break up starch by the following: Starch ? Amylase ?Glucose Enzymes like amylase break starch in the following way: - Enzymes have a special shape called the active site into which the molecule can fit. If you increase the temperature the active site changes. So at a certain point the starch will not fit into the active site. We say that the enzyme has been denatured. From research we know the following will happen. 40?C As we increase the temperature the rate of reaction will increase intil a certain point which is around 40?C where the amylase becomes damaged and becomes denatured Prediction From my research I predict that as the heat increases the iodine solution will turn black less because of sugar being produced and the reaction happening quicker with more heat but after a bit above body
How a standard Television works and what understanding of Physics was needed to develop it.
00 years ago it was merely a scientists dream. 70 years ago people such as Zworkyn and John Logie Baird proved the basics possible. 50 years ago owned only by the wealthy, they began to change the world. Today almost every household in Europe has at least one, they are used for entertainment, information and education. This report aims to describe how a standard Television works and what understanding of Physics was needed to develop it. (1) Background Unlike modern Television sets the earliest were almost completely mechanical. The dream that was Television was a machine that could reproduce captured images using light, unlike photographs and film Television would store pictures electronically. The original mechanical Televisions could achieve this but were not alike Televisions based on the Cathode Ray tube (see next page). It is not surprising that the inventor of Television is greatly debated, there are claims of it being a Scotsman, a Russian and the Japanese. It is also a matter of opinion, a Russian called Zworkyn is accredited as inventing the first electrical Television, whilst John Logie Baird is accredited as the inventor of the first commercially possible mechanical Television. It also seems to depend on National opinion. One American Physicist and Historian explained how American companies invented the Television with "People from foreign countries contributed
VHDL, is it easy, or is it not, is it step forward, or just another complication in achieving the final goal?
Mini - Project Abstract VHDL, is it easy, or is it not, is it step forward, or just another complication in achieving the final goal? Do we need another programming language, even if it is meant to put software and hardware together, or we are much better off with pure electronics, soldering the wires, inhaling the fumes? The following report might clarify one's mind about different approaches in designing digital circuits. A sequential synchronous circuit was designed using VHDL programming method, and then expanded based on the knowledge of the electronic components. Program code has been debugged and simulated. The resulting waveforms confirmed the expected operation. On the other hand, some of the circuit components have been designed from scratch using digital design techniques. The procedure then has been compared to the programming method Even though, VHDL programming approach may be seen easier and faster, it should be noted that to actually be able not just to program, but to program well, one must have an appropriate 'vision' of the problem to be able to implement it in the programming code. And that is not a very transferable skill. Therefore it is concluded that although majority of designers will benefit from the usage of VHDL programming, some may encounter certain difficulties and ought to use less advanced techniques. Introduction VHDL (Very high speed
Design Case Study - Loudspeaker Crossover Networks
DESIGN CASE STUDY - LOUDSPEAKER CROSSOVER NETWORKS Introduction: Crossover networks are the circuits used in loudspeakers to split the incoming audio spectrum into different frequency bands, this improves the performance of the speaker. Bass woofers can be designed for optimum low frequency response and treble tweeters can be designed for optimum high frequency response. Thus, there is no intermodulation distortion between bass and treble on a single speaker. As a result, the tweeter is protected from low frequencies and more suitable positioning of the woofer and tweeter can be made (woofer near the floor and tweeter higher). Butterworth Responses: The crossover networks used in speakers have a typical response. This response is called a Butterworth response. A characteristic of a normalised Butterworth response is that a value of 1/?2 of the transfer function corresponds to a frequency value of 1 rads-1. Shown below are Butterworth normalised frequency responses: It should be noted that as the order of the filter increases (it contains more reactive components) the steepness of the line increases. This is a desired property as it means there is less crossover between the low and high pass circuits. Analysis of Low-pass networks: As Hn(s) = 1 /Bn(s), component values can be calculated using Butterworth polynomials. Using this 2nd order Butterworth polynomial:
Historia del Movimiento
Nombre: Julián Camilo Riveros González Fecha: Mayo 30 de 2006 Curso: Octavo A Asignatura: Física Tema: El movimiento y su historia. Objetivo: Desarrollar un ensayo sobre toda las Historia del Movimiento, que vinculen a los grandes Físicos: Galileo, Aristóteles, Copérnico, Newton y Einstein. Historia del Movimiento El movimiento se descubrió y desarrolló por medio de varias teorías planteadas por varios físicos que justificaron y resaltaron su teoría, estas teorías fueron estudiadas y comprobadas; el resultado fue que todas las teorías estaban correctas, sólo que a cada una le faltaba algo para estar completa. Por supuesto los mejores físicos fueron los que se destacaron en plantear estas teorías. Los cinco más importantes personajes, no sólo físicos, para la historia de la humanidad serán nombrados en el presente ensayo, en el cual también se va a describir cada una de las teorías propuestas por estos grandes físicos. El primer gran físico es Aristóteles, que su teoría dice que el movimiento es el paso de la potencia al acto, es decir que el acto de lo que está en potencia, en tanto que está en potencia. Con esta teoría Aristóteles a divide en dos hemisferios; Movimiento sustancial que quiere decir cuando desaparece una sustancia y da lugar a otra, y en el Movimiento Accidental que quiere decir cuando una sustancia se modifica en alguno de
When you were in Reception class,everyone got taught that the world was made of stuff. People were made of skin,bones, teeth, eyes and lots of other stuff. In year 5 we found out thateverything was made up of molecules. There was Water molecules, ai...
When you were in Reception class, everyone got taught that the world was made of stuff. People were made of skin, bones, teeth, eyes and lots of other stuff. In year 5 we found out that everything was made up of molecules. There was Water molecules, air molecules, and coffee molecules. Year 7, and we're getting into atoms, which are made up of protons neutrons and electrons. Then for 5 minutes at the end of year 11 someone said something about quarks. And that's where it ended. But the trouble is that's not the end of the story. When you asked what everything was made of, teachers used to say atoms, and you said, "What are atoms made of?" so they said quarks, and you said "yeah, so what are they made of?" Then the teacher would tell you to shut up and let her carry on with the syllabus. It's actually amazing to say it, so I'll give a small dramatic pause before I do. [Pause] A trillion neutrinos have just passed through your body, on their way to the other side of the universe! A trillion particles, which are so small they can pass through a nucleus without even changing direction! In fact, they can travel through the earth, and the stars virtually unchanged! What exactly is a neutrino then? It's a tiny particle with about 0.0004 times the mass of an electron. There are three kinds of neutrino. - The electron neutrino is produced as part of Beta plus decay - The muon
Can we have free will?
Can we have free will? Everything that happens has a cause and every cause has an effect. Effect strictly follows cause every time. This is an necessary logical tool for humans in understanding the world around them. Because humans understand the concept of time it means that they can then understand that some things always happen after other things. Spotting these patterns allows them to then deliberately cause certain effects by mimicking or instigating the cause they had previously observed. If effect did not follow cause reliably each and every time then it would become very difficult to survive as we learn from repeated exposure to cause and effect what is likely to happen if we do X. However, there is an issue with cause and effect. If every effect has a cause and those causes in turn have their own causes, then surely you can just keep working back to the point of creation? This implies that the impulse to write this essay was pre-determined at the time of the big bang. If what I am doing now was pre-determined, then surely everything I ever will do and everything that will ever happen was also pre-determined at that time. This implies that fate does exist; that we are all just actors in some vast pre-determined play. Many people find this a difficult conclusion to accept. One of the main reasons for this is that it robs life of meaning and robs the