Observe three contrasting sporting activities and produce a movement analysis checklist to identify the relevant muscles, joints and bones.
Task 2 - By Barry Holloway
Observe three contrasting sporting activities and produce a movement analysis checklist to identify the relevant muscles, joints and bones.
The chosen sport to cover is swimming in which I will be analysing the breaststroke, the front crawl and the butterfly strokes.
Sporting Action - Butterfly
The butterfly technique with the dolphin kick consists of synchronous arm movement with a synchronous leg kick. Good technique is crucial to swim this style effectively. The wave-like body movement is also very significant, as this is the key for an easy synchronous over water recovery and breathing. In the initial position, the swimmer lies on the breast, the arms are stretched to the front, and the legs are extended to the back.
Phase - Upper body
Muscles Used - Pectoralis, triceps, Rectus abdominals, Trapezius, Latissimus dorsi, Flexors and extensors of the wrist and hand, deltoids, platysma, Iliacus, obliques.
Contractions Used -
Deltoids are concentric coming out of the water, eccentric going into the water.
2 Triceps - eccentric contraction
3 Biceps - concentric contraction
4 Wrist flexors - are using an isotonic flexion contraction.
5 Pectoralis - concentric contraction
6 Rectus Abdominals - Eccentric coming out of the water, concentric going into the water.
7 Trapezius - Eccentric coming out of the water, concentric going into the water
8 Platysma, Eccentric coming out of the water, concentric going into the water
Joints used - Ball & Socket (Shoulder), Hinge (Elbow), Pivot (neck), Ellipsoid and gliding joint (wrist)
Movements used -
Circumduction in the shoulder
2 Back is hyper extended
3 Flexion and extension in the bicep
4 Flexion and extension in the tricep
5 There is abduction in the arms when entering the water and adduction when pushing through the water.
6 The Platysma is abducting from the body when coming up for breath and when entering back into the water the neck adducts back towards the body.
7 There is flexion and extension in the Rectus abdominals in the breathing patterns of the butterfly stroke.
Phase - Lower Body
Sporting Action - Butterfly
Muscles Used -
Gluteus Maximus, Gastrocnemius, Quadraceps, Hamstrings, Hip muscles (Iliacus, Tensor fasciae latae).
Contractions Used -
. There is a concentric contraction in the gluteus maximus
2. In the upward phase as the head comes out of the water the gastrocnemius has an eccentric contraction. The legs then straighten out and there is an eccentric contraction this is also the same with the quadriceps and hamstrings.
3. In the undulation phase as the head goes back into the water the hip muscles are pushed out where there is a concentric contraction.
Joints Used - Hinge joint (knee), gliding and ellipsoid joint (ankles), Ball & Socket joint (Hip)
Movements used -
. There is both flexion and extension in ...
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2. In the upward phase as the head comes out of the water the gastrocnemius has an eccentric contraction. The legs then straighten out and there is an eccentric contraction this is also the same with the quadriceps and hamstrings.
3. In the undulation phase as the head goes back into the water the hip muscles are pushed out where there is a concentric contraction.
Joints Used - Hinge joint (knee), gliding and ellipsoid joint (ankles), Ball & Socket joint (Hip)
Movements used -
. There is both flexion and extension in all the major leg muscles.
2. The undulation pattern uses both extension and flexion.
3. There is both plantflexion & Dorsi flexion in the feet.
4. The lower half of the leg adducts towards the body.
5. The foot is inverted in the butterfly.
6. There is circumduction at the hip.
Sporting Action - Front Crawl
Front crawl is the fastest swimming style known, and therefore usually swum in freestyle competitions. The front crawl is one of two long axis strokes; the other being backstroke. With the front crawl the initial position in freestyle is on the breast, with both arms stretched to the front and the legs extended to the back.
Phase - Upper body
Muscles Used - Pectoralis, triceps, Rectus abdominals, Trapezius, Latissimus dorsi, Flexors and extensors of the wrist and hand, deltoids, platysma, Iliacus, obliques
Contractions Used -
Deltoids are concentric as the arm pushes into the water and eccentric as the arm drags through the water.
2 Triceps - are concentric as the arm pushes into the water and eccentric as the arm drags through the water.
3 Biceps - are eccentric as the arm pushes into the water and concentric as the arm drags through the water.
4 Wrist flexors - are using an isotonic flexion contraction
5 Pectoralis - Eccentric contraction as the arm reaches out and concentric as the arm pull through the water.
6 Rectus Abdominals - Concentric contraction.
7 Trapezius - Are concentric as the head turns to the side to breath and eccentric as the head turns back into the water.
8 Lattissimus Dorsi - Is concentric as the arm pulls through the and eccentric when not.
Joints used - Ball & Socket (Shoulder), Hinge (Elbow), Pivot (neck), Ellipsoid and gliding joint (wrist)
Movements used -
. There is Circumduction in the shoulder.
2. Flexion and extension in the bicep
3. Flexion and extension in the tricep
4. The arm is abducted away from the body with each stroke and is adducted back towards the body as the arms pull through the water.
5. The back is hyperextended
Sporting Action - Front Crawl
Phase - Lower body
Muscles Used - Gluteus Maximus, Gastrocnemius, Quadraceps, Hamstrings, Hip muscles (Iliacus, Tensor fasciae latae).
Contractions Used -
. Gastrocnemius - There is a concentric contraction as the leg is drawn inwards and an eccentric contraction as the leg kicks out.
2. Quadraceps - There is a concentric contraction as the leg is drawn inwards and an eccentric contraction as the leg kicks out.
3. Hamstrings - There is a concentric contraction as the leg is drawn inwards and an eccentric contraction as the leg kicks out.
Joints Used - Hinge joint (knee), gliding and ellipsoid joint (ankles), Ball & Socket joint (Hip),
Movement Used -
. There is both flexion and extension in all the major leg muscles.
2. There is both plantflexion & Dorsi flexion in the feet.
3. Circumduction at the hip.
4. The leg muscles are abducting away from the body.
Sporting Action - Breaststroke
Breaststroke is swum on the breast and is the most popular recreational swimming style due to its stability and the ability to keep the head out of the water at all times. In The breaststroke starts with the swimmer lying in the water face down, arms extended straight forward and legs extended straight to the back.
Phase - Upper body
Muscles Used - Pectoralis, triceps, Rectus abdominals, Trapezius, Latissimus dorsi, Flexors and extensors of the wrist and hand, deltoids, platysma, Iliacus, obliques.
Contractions Used -
. Triceps - are concentric as the arm pushes through the water propelling the body forward and eccentric as the arm comes in towards the chest.
2. Biceps - Are eccentric as the arm pushes through the water propelling the body forward and concentric as the arm comes into the chest.
3. Deltoids - Eccentric contraction
4. There is a concentric contraction in the platysma as the swimmer comes up for breath and the platysma is eccentric as the head returns to the water.
5. Isotonic flexion contraction of the wrist.
6. Pectoralis - are concentric as the arm pushes through the water propelling the body forward and eccentric as the arm comes in towards the chest.
7. Rectus Abdominals - Concetric contraction
8. Trapezius - are eccentric as the arm pushes through the water propelling the body forward and concentric as the arm comes in towards the chest.
Ball & Socket - (Shoulder), Hinge (Elbow), Pivot (neck), Ellipsoid and gliding joint (wrist).
Movements Used -
. There is circumduction in the shoulder
2. There is flexion and extension in the Rectus abdominals in the breathing patterns of the breaststroke.
3. Flexion and extension in the bicep
4. Flexion and extension in the tricep
5. The back is hyper extended
6. The arms in the first phase of the breaststroke initially abduct away from the body before adducting back towards the body.
7. The Platysma is abducting from the body when coming up for breath and when entering back into the water the neck adducts back towards the body.
Phase - Lower body
Muscles Used -
Gluteus Maximus, Gastrocnemius, Quadraceps, Hamstrings, Hip muscles (Iliacus, Tensor fasciae latae).
Contractions used -
Quadraceps - Eccentric contraction as the leg kicks out and an concentric contraction as the leg is withdrawn back in.
Gastrocnemius - Eccentric contraction as the leg kicks out and an concentric contraction as the leg is withdrawn back in.
Hamstrings - Eccentric contraction as the leg kicks out and an concentric contraction as the leg is withdrawn back in.
Gluteus Maximus - concentric contraction as the leg kicks out and an eccentric contraction as the leg is withdrawn back in.
Joints Used - Hinge joint (knee), gliding and ellipsoid joint (ankles), Ball & Socket joint (Hip),
Movements used -
. There is both flexion and extension in all the major leg muscles.
2. There is both plantiflexion & Dorsi flexion in the feet.
3. All the major leg muscles abduct away from the body as the legs kick to get momentum then adduct towards the body.
4. There is circumduction at the hip.
Compare and critically analyse the roles of the joints, bones and muscles
With the breaststroke, frontcrawl and Butterfly strokes you will find that they most use all the same joints. All the strokes use the Hinge joint (knee), gliding and ellipsoid joint (ankles), Ball & Socket joint (Hip), (Shoulder), Hinge (Elbow), Pivot (neck), Ellipsoid and gliding joint (wrist). To some degree this also applies to the muscles as a swimmer working out to increase his muscle capacity would work on the same muscles whatever stroke they were specifically training on.
In the arm movement the Frontcrawl and the butterfly use more of a long overhead stroke whereas the breaststroke tends to pull the water back in a heart-shaped pattern in the front of the body ,it's not a big pull like the other strokes, which is why the times in the breaststroke are comparatively slower than other strokes. Still all three use the same group of muscles, bones and joints. I would say that they all use the major arm muscles groups to the same degree. There is both flexion and extension in all the major arm muscles groups for all three strokes as well as an eccentric and concentric contraction. The Front crawls breathing pattern is different from the butterfly's and breaststrokes whereas the other two's are somewhat similar. They both have a similar phase where the head needs to come up for breath, the neck muscles both abduct, adduct and contract in the same way. There is a concentric contraction in the platysma as the swimmer comes up for breath and the platysma is eccentric as the head returns to the water in both the butterfly and the breastrokes. In the front crawl the head rather that come up for breath
Extension & flexion
Breathing pattern of butterfly & breaststroke uses adduction and abduction.
Front crawl
Characterized by its long overhead stroke and vigorous flutter kick, the freestyle is the fastest and most powerful of the swimming strokes.
The breaststroke is the most difficult swimming stroke to master. All leg and arm movements must be made simultaneously. Only the backward and out frog-leg kick is allowed. Alternating movements are not allowed. Except for the start and the first stroke and kick after each turn, a part of the head must break the surface of the water during each stroke and kick cycle. The arm pull is a heart-shaped pattern in the front of the body. It's not a big pull like the other strokes, which is why the times in the breaststroke are comparatively slower than other strokes.
Nicknamed "the fly", the butterfly is the most physically demanding of the strokes, but is also the most beautiful to watch. The butterfly features the simultaneous overhead stroke of the arms combined with the dolphin kick, in which both legs move up and down together.