PICTURE>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>..
Perceptual skills- This is basically how participants interpret a situation which arises in sport, as the same information may be given to another but our brain interprets it slightly different depending on our level of experience within situations like it. In this picture you may be able to see two faces facing each other or an old fashioned ‘goblet’, depending on your interpretation. (Mosby 2000)
PICTURE>>>>>>>>>..
Motor Skills- These skills are linked with the muscular movement of the body such as being able to run and walk in sport. In athletics motor skills are used to run. (Mosby 2000)
(PICTURE>>>>>>>>>>>>>>..
Perceptual motor skills- these are basically a combination of the three skills above as sport involves are not just one skill. It is the process involved in a performance.
Thought
Classification continuums – are used to classify different skills in certain activities. This can be used to discover out how much a certain skill needs to be taught or learned so that learning and development of skills is optimised. The continuum is an unbroken chain from one to ten between two similar skills (e.g. open/closed).
Open-Closed continuum – it is Barbra Knapp’s theory of classification. She proposes that “Skill can fit on a continuum between open and closed.” (Galligan 2000 on page 104)
Open Skill – is performed in an unpredictable environment, has external requirements and needs the performer to be conscious of what is around them.
Closed Skill – is performed in a predictable environment, has no external requirements and doesn’t need the performer to be aware of surroundings. It is the exact opposite of an open skill. (Full attention on skill).
↓
Individual: Tennis Serve
Open Closed
Self Paced – is timed by the performer like in cycling.
Externally Paced – is timed by someone else like the gun shot in the 100m sprint.
↓
Interactive Activity: Shooting in football
Open Closed
Discrete skills – have a clear beginning and end (free throw in basketball)
Serial skills, Continuous skills – have no clear beginning and end (running).
(According to Jan Roscoe 1986)
↓
Coactive Activity: 100m sprint
Open Closed
Gross skills – use full body movement (jumping smash in badminton).
Fine skills – use fine body movement (playing snooker).
(According to Jan Roscoe 2000)
Individual Activity: Diving
Open ___________________________________#_ Closed – only concentrate on dive and nothing else
Self paced__#______________________________ Externally paced – you choose when to dive
Discrete ___________ Serial_#______________ Continuous – many discrete actions linked for
Performing
Gross __#_________________________________ Fine – Full body muscles used
Team Activity: Football
Open __#__________________________________ Closed – constantly aware of surroundings
Self paced________________________#________ Externally paced – Opponents externally pacing for
majority of time
Discrete ___________ Serial_#______________ Continuous – When player isn’t running
Gross __#_________________________________ Fine – Hardly any fine movements
Racket Activity: Badminton return of serve
Open __________#__________________________ Closed – have to be aware of what’s happening
Self paced______#__________________________ Externally paced – opponents externally pacing
Discrete ____#_______ Serial_______________ Continuous – One simple swing of the racket
Gross ________________#___________________ Fine – Can be fine but slightly more gross
Individual skills – These skills are performed in isolation. There is only one performer at a time like in Gymnastics. (Galligan 2000)
Coactive Skills – These are the skills performed at the same time as other people but directly with them. A good example would be 4x4 100m relay in athletics. Every team stays in their own lanes so direct confrontation doesn’t occur. (Galligan 2000)
Interactive Skills – These are the skills performed in direct confrontation with others. Sports like football, basketball and rugby all contain direct confrontation. (Galligan 2000)
This is an interaction continuum showing practical examples:
Individual___________________________Coactive__________________________ Interactive
Golf 100 metres sprint Football
Performed individually Sprinters performing alongside Players physically
One at a time each other but not physically confronting each other
Influencing each other
Skills can be classified in a number of ways:
From the table above you can see how skills are classified in a number of ways. Some of the skills shown can be fine or gross. For diving it could never be fine but a badminton return of serve could be gross as the player has to move a lot to return the serve and if he/she tried smashing then it would be gross. Badminton return of serve could also been closed because if the player had practiced returns of serve so much then she/he wouldn’t really need to make an effort like you would if it were open.
