Photosynthesis. Photosynthesis consists of two stages. A series of light-dependent reactions that are temperature independent and a series of temperature-dependent reactions that are light independent
Research: Photosynthesis is the process by which chlorophyll containing organisms (green plants, algae, and some bacteria) capture energy in the form of light and convert it to chemical energy. Virtually all the energy available for life in the earth's biosphere (the zone in which life can exist) is made available through photosynthesis. A quite general, unbalanced chemical equation for photosynthesis is CO2 + 2H2A + light energy ? CH2 + H2O + H2A The formula H2A represents a compound that can be oxidized, which means, electrons can be removed. CO2 is carbon dioxide and CH2 is the hydrocarbons incorporated by the growing organism. In the vast majority of photosynthetic organisms such as, algae and green plants, H2A is water (H2O) but in some photosynthetic bacteria H2A is hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Photosynthesis involving water is the most important and best understood by scientists today. I have explained it in detail below. Photosynthesis consists of two stages. A series of light-dependent reactions that are temperature independent and a series of temperature-dependent reactions that are light independent. The rate of the first series, called the light reaction, can be increased by increasing light intensity (within certain limits) but not by increasing temperature. In the second series, called the dark reaction, the rate can be increased by increasing temperature
Independent Women
Rachel Christudhas Honors English 11-21 November 7, 2002 Final Draft Independent Women "The suburban housewife-she was the dream image of the young American women and the envy, it was said, of women all over the world....She was healthy, beautiful, educated, concerned only about her husband, her children, her home. She had found true feminine fulfillment" (Friedan 13). Did women really have their true fulfillment? Was their purpose in life completed after accepting they were housewives? According to A Doll's House and The Feminine Mystique, society gives women expectations to follow. These expectations do not help women fulfill their true aspirations. Since women live their lives under society's expectations, the lack of fulfillment they feel is satisfied when they define their individuality. In order for women to define their individuality, they have to know their role in life. Many women try to find out their role by trying different activities women should do. "I've tried everything women are supposed to do-hobbies, gardening, pickling, canning, being very social with my neighbors, joining committees, running PTA teas. I can do it all, and I like it, but it doesn't leave you anything to think about-any feeling of who you are". (16) Women try to do different things society tells them to do, to find out who they are, but it does not help. Nora's plan to
Are judges independent
Are judges independent? A power passed by a French political theorist called Montesquieu states "that there are three primary functions of the state and that the only way to safeguard the liberty of the citizens is by keeping these here functions separate." The three main powers that ach group has is; . The legislature. This is the law-making area of the state or In England the Parliament. 2. The executive or the body administering the law. Under the British political system this is the government of the day which forms the Cabinet. 3. The judiciary who apply the law. The judges Independent and separate bodies can check on each others powers and this will limit the amount of power each group will have. The ministers forming government also sit in Parliament and are active in law making decisions process these members are also part of the Legislative and executive area of the governing body of the country. Excluding them from government corruption. Judges are not allowed to get involved in making the laws that take place within parliament. Full time judges are not allowed to sit in the House of Commons but are allowed to become involved in joining the House of Lords in its legislative function as the Law Lords are life peers and can take part in debates on new laws being passed. Superior judges are presumed to be independent because they cannot be dismissed by the
Independent Study
How and why particular film stars are able to change their image across genres. 'Film stars are complex signs whose significance is created partly by themselves acting out their personas, by taking on particular fictional roles, but also by their studios and publicists who promote their 'real' non screen persona, by the popular press and by the audiences who buy into and use them for their own entertainment.' [1]A star is said to build up a persona through the different roles that they play in films and have become brands in their own right. Film companies have been quick to notice this and exploit the 'brand' for a maximum profit. Stars are therefore used as a marketing tool in order to publicise the film. The idea of using stars as a marketing tool to engage audiences for their film began in the early years of the Hollywood film industry. This led to the classification of 'A-List' stars, and to them being 'capable of opening a film simply because of the presence of their name above the title.'[2] This is due to audiences forming a fan base for a particular star and therefore being interested in this 'constructed image' that is being presented of them. A star's image is built up from several different types of media; personal appearances, film and television performances, fan magazines etc. and is prone to change over time for some actors due to a change or development in
Investigation into the colour of light needed to start a photosynthesis reaction
Investigation into the colour of light needed to start a photosynthesis reaction Diagrams Method The apparatus for this experiment will be setup as shown in the diagram, for all the experiments the coloured filter will be 5cm away from the white light bulb, which is a 60watt bulb, and the beaker will be 20cm away from the edge of the coloured filter. Just before the experiment takes place we will place the pond weed (which has been in darkness for at least 24 hours to stop it any photosynthesis) into the beaker. I will then place the funnel over the pond weed and place the test-tube into the beaker (like the diagram above) I will then fill the beaker up with cold tap water till it covers the bottom of the test tube (450ml). This is so that we can easily count the oxygen bubbles as they come off the pond weed. Now that the experiment is ready to start, I will turn on the light for one minute, then after the first minute I will count how many oxygen bubbles come from the pond weed in the second minute. I will repeat this stage again once 10 minutes has passed. The preliminary experiment was done to check my prediction of what I think will happen. For this I used red, green and blue filters. The main experiment will be done with more colours if it proves successful - I will repeat the experiment with more colours: red, orange, green, blue and purple filters. I will take three
The Light Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
Overview Living things require energy to stay alive. The main energy source for autotrophs, a group of organisms that produce their own food, achieve this by gathering natural commodities such as water and sunlight. These sources of energy are converted through a series of biochemical l processes into substances that the autotroph can use to maintain its necessary functions. The sun is the starting point for the process of photosynthesis ("photo" refers to light sunlight). The sun emits many, many different wavelengths, including X-rays, UV rays, and a spectrum of light that is visible to us. The light used by photosynthesis is the spectra of visible light. The figure above shows the spectra of light which is absorbed by a plant. The sun is sometimes thought to emit simply a white light, but sunlight is actually reflected in a spectra similar to the one shown above. Plants appear to have a green color because this green light is not absorbed as much as other colors (with different wavelengths). As a result, this light is reflected by the plant, showing its green color. Another feature of the above graph is the inclusion of several pigments in the typical autotroph. Organisms that undergo photosynthesis contain a variety of colored pigments, which are organized on membranes within chloroplasts. These pigments include Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, and various carotenoids.
Photosynthesis and Light intensity
PLANNING A Aim: The aim of this experiment is to investigate the effect of different light intensities on the rate of photosynthesis Theory & Hypothesis: The photosynthesis rate is often measured by the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed or oxygen evolved by a plant. With increase in light intensity, photosynthesis begins, and some carbon dioxide from respiration is utilized in photosynthesis. As light intensity increases, there is an increase in the rate of photosynthesis, and this light intensity can be increased or decreased by bringing the source of light closer to or further away from the plant. Hypothesis: Hence, we can predict that with increase in light intensity, the rate of photosynthesis would also increase. Variables: The variables in the experiment are light intensity and the rate of photosynthesis. The independent variable is light intensity, which is adjusted by modifying the position of the lamp. The dependent variable is the rate of photosynthesis or the rate of bubble production which is affected by the varying light intensity. PLANNING B Apparatus & Materials: . Water plant (Hydrilla) 2. dil.sodium hydrogen carbonate solution 3. Thermometer 4. Boiling test-tube 5. Beaker 500 ml 6. Retort stand 7. Lamp (60W bulb) 8. Ruler 9. Stop-watch Procedure: . Place the hydrilla in a test-tube filled with dilute sodium hydrogen carbonate solution 2.
Photosynthetic rate and light intensity.
Biology Coursework-Photosynthetic Rate and Light Intensity PLAN Aim - to investigate the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis in a plant. Prediction - Plant cells use light to help them to make food by photosynthesis. They trap the energy in the sunlight and use it to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars. The chemical reaction that takes place is: Light energy 6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 (from air (from soil Chlorophyll in sugar via stomata) via root hairs Chloroplasts and xylem) Substrates Products All plants need light to photosynthesise otherwise they will die. The photosynthetic rate is affected by the light intensity because when the light falls on to the chloroplasts on the leaf, it is trapped by the chlorophyll and therefore makes energy available for chemical reactions in the plant. So as the light from the bulb shines on to the plant, more energy is absorbed and is available for chemical reactions, more photosynthesis takes place. From this information, I predict that as I increase the light intensity from the bulb, the photosynthetic rate will also increase at a directly proportional rate until
Explanations of Independent Behaviour
Transfer-Encoding: chunked Independent Behaviour There are many explanations on independent behaviour. Individual differences are personal factors that mean people will respond to situations in different ways. One explanation of independent behaviour is locus of control. Locus of control was developed by Julian Rotter; this concept suggests that some people feel they are entirely in control of their actions, whereas others are victims of fate. There is the internal locus of control; these people believe that what happens to them is consequence of their own behaviour, and they can succeed in difficult or stressful situations. Whereas people with external locus of control believe what happens to them is controlled by external factors, such as luck or fate, and they are relatively helpless in difficult or stressful situations; making them easier to conform and obey. Locus of control has many supporting studies. For instance, Avtgis carried out a meta-analysis which looked at locus of control. They found that those who scored higher on external locus of control were more easily persuaded. However, Williams and Warchal studied university students using tasks based on Asch’s experiments; they found that assertion may be more important that locus on control. Furthermore, Rotter’s Locus of control is only a scale where people self-reported a list events. Therefore, there
How does light intensity affect photosynthesis?
Introduction Photosynthesis is a very important process in nature. Photosynthesis is a biochemical reaction used to produce glucose using light energy, water and CO2 (Carbon Dioxide). A bye product of the reaction, photosynthesis, is Oxygen. It takes place in all green plants, which use the green chlorophyll, held in chloroplasts in the leaves, to trap light. The main site of photosynthesis is the palisade mesophyll cells in the leaf of a plant. It is these cells that contain the green chloroplasts and are very well adapted to do their task. They are near the upper side of the leaf where they can obtain the maximum amount of light, they are packed very closely together and as already mentioned contain green chloroplasts clustered towards the upper side too. Plants photosynthesise to produce food chemicals that are needed to allow them to grow. The main reaction is to produce oxygen and glucose to be changed into energy during respiration. Glucose is stored in the form of starch which is insoluble and does not affect the osmosis taking pace in the plant. As plants respire both day and night this starch is often used up during the night when photosynthesis cannot take place. The uses of glucose within the plant are for active transpiration, cell division, the production of protein and the production of cellulose. Light energy is used to break down the bonds in water and
