"Discuss how theoretical models in psychology can contribute to our understand of deviant behaviour in adolescence."
"Discuss how theoretical models in psychology can contribute to our understand of deviant behaviour in adolescence." Through the course of this essay I will evaluate the different theories of adolescences in order to account for some of the deviant behaviour that is associated with adolescence, it will therefore be necessary to discuss the physical and psychological process that occur at this distinctive stage of lifespan development and the effects that these have on behaviour. Adolescence comes from the Latin word adolescere, which means 'to grow into maturity' its start is generally marked by the biological onset of puberty, which signals the end of childhood, this brings with it an array of psychological, sociological and biological changes, which cause a period of turmoil and anxiety which extends rouffly from the age of eleven to twenty in western societies. Hall is seen as the father of scientific study of adolescence, he emphasized the hormonal, biological and physical changes of puberty as the driving force of 'storm and stress' experienced by adolescences. The psychoanalytic approach to adolescences is characterised by three ideas and concentrates on the psych-sexual development, which starts with the upsurge of instincts, which occur as a result of puberty. Freud (1937) states, " this upsets the psychic balance that was achieved at the end of childhood,
four theoretical models of child abuse
P2. Describe four theoretical models of child abuse M1. Compare four theoretical models of child abuse D1. Evaluate four theoretical models of child abuse There are four theoretical models of abuse. These are: * Medical model * Sociological model * Psychological model * Feminist model I will now go on to describe the different models of child abuse, and also evaluate them aswell. Medical model of child abuse The main point of the medical model of child abuse is that abuse is seen as a disease and an illness. Kempe (a paediatrician) used the phrase 'battered child syndrome'. From this it meant that other people saw child abuse as a disease, and followed the same view as he had. Kempe even stated that there were four specific signs and symptoms which in turn became known as 'Kempe's four factors of abuse'. The four factors of abuse are: * The parents have either been abused themselves, or have abused before * The child is 'unlovable' or 'disappointing' * There is a crisis * There is no aid when the crisis occurs Kempe changed his 'theory' to 'child abuse and neglect'. This was because people began to criticize the model Evaluation of the medical model of child abuse This model of child abuse thought that abuse was a disease, and that in turn abuse was curable. The four signs and symptoms which are all stated above were stated indicated that in some families
Psychological study of Identity over adolescence, adulthood and old age.
Psychological study of Identity over adolescence, adulthood and old age. Identity within a Psychological framework could be referred to as an understanding of the 'self' or 'personal identity'. Personal identity has many important influences, but is effectively gained through understanding of the world around an individual. Relationships with others, whether it's another individual or a group of people can affect an individual's identity - physically or mentally. As an infant, there is very little understanding of identity or being a separate entity from the primary caregivers. This develops as the infant/child gains a stronger understanding of their environment and as they gradually become less dependent from their parents. Identity as an individual gets older is formed through their peers, and they become part of a 'social identity'. Adolescents are stereotyped into different identities by society and this can be a deliberate action against society, in order to rebel. Physical changes in adolescence can also mark a change in an individual. It can symbolise the growth from a child into an adult, and this change in responsibility can be hard for the individual to embrace. Many difficulties can appear within adolescence, in particular regard to body appearance. Sweeting and West (2002) suggested that early physical changes with young girls could have a negative impact on
Microeconomic Absolute Rationality - A Game Theoretical Approach
MICROECONOMIC ABSOLUTE RATIONALITY - A GAME THEORETICAL APPROACH "[...] we have but one choice: to take the world as a whole and make it the object of our game" -- Milan Kundera, "Immortality" Abstract This paper builds the necessary framework for analyzing some of the most frequent microeconomic problems from a game theoretical point of view. Revisiting such "classics" as price policy, R&D management, introducing innovation in a standardized world or the repercussions of negative externalities offers a very good starting point for introducing some of the fundamental concepts of game theory, in order just to let the reader realize the full potential of this paradigm in defining absolute rationality behavior patterns for all classes of microeconomic problems. . What is a "game" .1. An informal definition From a scientific point of view, a "game" is a metaphor for a wide range of human interactions where the outcome is the result of concurring if not opposite interests. The theory thereof, the "game theory", is an interdisciplinary approach employing economics, mathematics and behavioral psychology to predict the outcome of situations where more human players have to choose from a finite set of strategies (decisions), provided that the outcome is influenced only by the full set of the decisions that are being taken. The main aim would therefore be to find criteria by
Positivism is a theoretical and methodological approach in contemporary criminology.
Introduction Positivism is a theoretical and methodological approach in contemporary criminology. Positivists believe that human behavior is shaped by biological, psychological or social factors and forces. These factors and forces are called individual pathology which deter the decision-making and control ability of an individual and results in behavioral problems (White & Haines, 2003). To extend to legal definition, crime is defined as individual pathology to obey law and to conform to moral consensus of the society. Positivism approach in criminology examines the trait distinctions between offenders, rather than on the criminal acts as the focus of analysis. Also, positivism determines how these differences predispose a person towards criminality (White & Haines, 2003). Positivists believed that these traits observed can be diagnosed and treated by dealing with and removing the factors and forces that cause the offending behavior to occur. Rather than punishment, positivism directs toward the treatment of offender as a response to crime (White & Haines, 2003). The study of positivism is to classify and quantify human behaviors to uncover the causal relations between deviants' traits and the committed crime. Therefore, positivism is a scientific approach in the criminal justice system. Psychological positivism Positivism concerning with psychological factors induced
Inheritances: an Analytical and Evolutionary Game Theoretical Approach.
William Mascaro ILROB 321 Paper #2 - Game Theory March 28, 2003 [email protected] Inheritances: an Analytical and Evolutionary Game Theoretical Approach Death is a fact of life. Most people, sometime during their lifetime, encounter the passing of a loved one and are faced with the demanding post-death process of a funeral, burial and mourning their loss. Frequently, this process is further complicated if the deceased individual bestows their estate to their children. If the deceased individual had the foresight and courage to produce a will beforehand, much of the strife associated with the splitting of assets is eliminated. However, oftentimes the children of the deceased individual are catapulted from mourning to negotiations and expected to equitably divide possibly indivisible objects equally amongst themselves. Given the nature of the situation, the negotiations that occur to divide the inherited assets can become heated and sometimes serve to permanently strain relations between family members. Some siblings feel as though they deserve more assets than others; others simply want a piece of the pie and are determined to fight and scrape to attain every last morsel. Problems arise when each sibling becomes greedy and desires to get as much wealth as possible, or when the parent had a desire to donate to a given charitable organization upon their death. The
Describe and evaluate one theoretical approach to understanding adult development
Describe and evaluate one theoretical approach to understanding adult development. As a field of study, adult development refers to the study of early and middle adulthood; later adulthood usually falls under the fields entitled aging or gerontology. How one approaches the study of adult development, however, depends on one's theoretical orientation, and how one subsequently defines the term adult development. This can be best illustrated within the typology offered by Merriam and Caffarella (1999) as it illustrates what each cluster seeks to accomplish. Building on the work of Permutter and Hall (1985) and Bee (1996), Merriam and Caffarella (1999) developed a schema consisting of four components: biological, psychological, socio-cultural, and integrative models. The biological perspective portrays change in terms of one's physiological process, that changes are driven by natural aging, the environment, our own health habits, or disease processes (Schroeder, 1992). The psychological perspective focuses on how we develop as individuals and examines primarily internal developmental process (Passer and Smith, 2001). Numerous concepts form the foundation for the study of adult development from the psychological perspective; namely, identity development (Erikson, 1982), faith development (Fowler, 1981), ego development (Loevinger, 1976), and moral development (Kohlberg,
Relationships in adolescence
Relationships in adolescence A01: relationship with parents: Relationships with parents are often perceived to be different in adolescence and to become characterised by conflict and psychological disturbance. Research evidence for conflict Different approaches offer insights into why conflict may occur. For example, cognitive developmental theories can explain conflict as the developmental of thoughts and opinions due to attachment of the formal operations stages of cognitive development. The sociological approach focuses on external pressures, such as the peer group, as a source of conflict in the home. The psychoanalytical approach links conflict to the adolescent's inner crisis and striving for independence. The evolutionary theory explains conflict as competition for resources. The humanistic perspective link conflict to a lack of unconditional positive regard and self - esteem. Autonomy: Apter (1990) studied 65 mother daughter pairs in US and UK. Most adolescent girls felt closest to the other mothers. In contrast to traditional view, it showed that parents played an important role in the development of autonomy - connected and secure attacthment promote healthy development in both infancy and adolescence. Conflict: Barber (1974) found that parents and adolescents argue over school work, chores, social life and friends, personal hygiene, disobedience;
Write an evaluation of one theoretical approach to learning that you have encountered this module, exploring its implications for either child or adult learners.
Write an evaluation of one theoretical approach to learning that you have encountered this module, exploring its implications for either child or adult learners. This essay will evaluate the theoretical learning approach of Humanism. It will examine humanistic beliefs and assumptions, considering the implications for child learners. It will discuss the methods used in teaching and will also bring together the ideas and contributions made by two leading psychologists. Finally giving an evaluation of the theory as a whole and its effectiveness in the classroom. Humanistic psychology focuses its study on conscious awareness, values and abstract beliefs. These include the spiritual experiences and the beliefs that people live by. Emerging in the 1950's and 1960's, (it is often said as a backlash against Behaviourism and Psychoanalysis); humanism is about rewarding yourself, and places great importance on the individual and their own individuality. Personality depends on what people believe and how they perceive the world and a major factor in this learning theory is that people are seen as freely exercising choice over how to behave. They are the architects of their own lives and 'personal agents' in their own psychological growth. There are many objectives of the humanistic view of education, as described by Gage and Berliner (1991). These include a promotion of positive
Adolescence And Peer Pressure.
Adolescence And Peer Pressure As children grow, develop, and move into early adolescence, involvement with one's peers and the attraction of peer identification increases. As pre-adolescents begin rapid physical, emotional and social changes, they begin to question adult standards and the need for parental guidance. They find it reassuring to turn for advice to friends who understand and sympathize - friends who are in the same position themselves. By "trying on" new values and testing their ideas with their peers, there is with less fear of being ridiculed or "shot down". Yet, mention the word "peer pressure" and many adults cringe because the words are laden with negative connotations. The idea that someone, or something, lures our children into learning dangerous and destructive behaviour by discarding all parental behaviours and values scares adults. The fact is, peer pressure can be positive. It keeps youth participating in religious activities, going to youth meetings and playing on sports teams, even when they are not leaders. It keeps adults going to religious services, serving on community committees and supporting worthwhile causes. The peer group is a source of affection, sympathy and understanding; a place for experimentation; and a supportive setting for achieving the two primary developmental tasks of adolescence. These are: (1) identity - finding the answer
