WHY CANNOT U.S. AND EU REACH AGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE (DOHA ROUND)?
WHY CANNOT U.S. AND EU REACH AGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE (DOHA ROUND)? Introduction Agriculture and production of food began about 10,000 years ago. Hence, the world population could not have grown without the agricultural revolution. Without the development of agriculture, the modern and urban society would not have developed. Agriculture is defined as the utilization of natural resource systems to produce commodities which maintain life, including food, fiber, forest products, horticultural crops, and their related services. Meanwhile, global trading has been a part of the world since the 1940s. As trade between countries began to grow so did the need for some sort of international commerce. In 1948, the International Trade Organization (ITO) was established, but fell through and triggered the creation of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). GATT was created through several negotiations, known as rounds. For many years, GATT's policies held strong and offered many countries the international support they needed to remain prosperous in global trade. Though, as time went on, certain trade policies established by GATT were being undermined by countries in order for them to continue conducting business. GATT's rules and regulations were becoming obsolete in the rapid changing global economy. By the early 1980s the General Agreement was clearly no longer relevant to
Is Biological Pest Control Better Than Chemical Control?
Is Biological Pest Control Better Than Chemical Control? A pest is an organism that reduces the quality or the yield of a crop. They spread disease, and damage crops, which reduces the yield. Aphids and other insects do a lot of damage, as well as slugs and snails. Viruses, fungi and bacteria are also pests that cause disease, such as, potato blight. Weeds, such as wild oats, grow in the wrong place and cause interspecific competition. This makes the crop compete for space, nutrients, light etc. therefore, it is extremely important to control pests, and there are two methods for doing this. Chemical pest control is the use of insecticides, herbicides and fungicides. Biological pest control is the use of other organisms which are predators or parasites of that pest. A proper definition would be "biological control is the use of natural predators, parasites, fungi; pheromone lures etc to control pests, without the use of chemical pesticides." There are many advantages and disadvantages of both forms of pest control, and I will investigate in this essay which method of pest control is more effective. There are three types of chemical pesticides used to control pests: contact, systemic and residual. Contact pesticides are sprayed directly onto the crop. They are absorbed by the insect through spiracles (gas exchange pores) along its body. Contact herbicides and fungicides are
"The expansion of heavy industry from c1850 was the key point in making Britain a fully industrialized society by 1914." How far do you agree with this judgement?
"The expansion of heavy industry from c1850 was the key point in making Britain a fully industrialized society by 1914" How far do you agree with this judgement Industrial Revolution could be argued to be "the most fundamental transformation of human life in the history of world."i Furthermore, the definition of the industrial revolution is as abstract as what had enabled it to happen. A French economist, Jerome-Adolphe Blanqui, first used the term industrial revolution in 1837, when he claimed that the social and economical change in Britain is parallel to the French revolution of 1789, in the manner of the speed and impact. His view was later criticised by Sir John Clapham, who argued that the process of industrialisation in Britain at the time took a more evolutionary line, and that there was no empirical evidence of change by 1851. Nevertheless, the definition of industrial revolution can be approached in three ways. The first view considers an industrial revolution as a process which altered certain important sectors of the economy, notably heavy industry and the development of factory production, in a relatively short time period. The second view would place emphasis upon the changing nature of employment from primary activities1, to secondary activities2 and eventually tertiary activities3. A third attributable to W.W. Rostow sees the industrial revolution as a
The Multiplier effect explained and with examples.
SECTION 1 According to Haggett (2001, p.789), "Multiplier effect is a term used in systems thinking to describe the process by which changes in one field of human activity (subsystem) sometimes act to promote changes in other fields (subsystems) and in turn act on the original subsystem itself. An instance of positive feedback, it is thought by some to be one of the primary mechanisms of societal change". The scheme printed below reflects the main ideas of Myrdal's model of cumulative causation. Source: www.carlisle.unn.ac.uk/CHP/Environmental _studies/ This scheme shows that everything is related to each other. According to official returns (Haggett, 2001,p.244), the new market creates a number of new jobs in the local area. If the average family sizes four, that means that 100 jobs will lead to 400 more people in the household sector. However, these new people will demand new schools, what will create more jobs in service sector and construction industry. Also, it will attract more firms linked to original industry, migrants, entrepreneurs and capital, what will give more profit and new jobs. Another words, the idea of the multiplier effect is that initial investment leads to increased prosperity. Money is generated by the industry and is spent on other goods and services, which in turn increases demand and economic activity. Myrdal's model of the cumulative
Scientific investigation of Antarctica
Antarctica, fifth-largest of the Earth's seven continents, located almost entirely south of latitude 66°33' south (the Antarctic Circle), and surrounding the South Pole. It is mostly circular in shape with a long arm-the Antarctic Peninsula-reaching out towards South America, and with two large indentations, the Ross and Weddell seas and their ice shelves. Its total area is about 14.2 million sq km (5.5 million sq mi) in summer. During the winter Antarctica doubles in size because of the large amount of sea ice that forms at its periphery. The true boundary of Antarctica is not the coastline of the continent itself but the Antarctic Convergence, which is a sharply defined zone in the southern extremities of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans between about latitude 48° south and latitude 60° south. At this point, the colder waters flowing north from Antarctica mix with warmer waters moving south. The Antarctic Convergence marks a definite physical difference in the oceans. For these reasons, the water surrounding the Antarctic continent is considered an ocean in itself, often known as the Antarctic, or Southern Ocean. Antarctica has no native population. Its residents are scientific and support staffs who usually stay no more than a year at a time. The first person born in Antarctica was Emilio Palma, the son of the commander of Argentina's Esperanza Base, on January
In what ways are banks in developing countries different from banks in financially developed economies?IntroductionThe recognition that our world is firmly segregated alongside lines of disparate economic development has been the starting poin
Week 10: In what ways are banks in developing countries different from banks in financially developed economies? Introduction The recognition that our world is firmly segregated alongside lines of disparate economic development has been the starting point of the complex sociological field of development studies. It was American president Truman who, in his second inauguration speech in 1949, spoke of an 'underdeveloped' world that needed to be helped and lifted out of unfavourable living conditions (Dodds et al., 2002: p3). Development was from then on always, though to widely varying extents, embedded, aligned, or equated with economic development. The industrial revolution that had kick-started a far-reaching process of economic growth in Europe and the nowadays 'developed' world was considered a model path which - more or less - needed to be replicated in order to achieve similar developments. Within this framework, the financial sector gained a crucial importance. While scholars still hold different views on the gravity of a financial sector for economic development, its role in Western Europe's and North America's industrialisation cannot be underestimated, bearing implications for present development debates. In how far does the structure of the banking sector in developing countries tell us about their strategy for fostering economic development; and, are special
Discuss the Advantages and Disadvantages of the use of Fertilisers and Pesticides in Agriculture
Discuss the Advantages and Disadvantages of the use of Fertilisers and Pesticides in Agriculture Agriculture today dominates the majority of all land uses. As a result it has a fundamental role in maintaining the countryside and protecting the environment. The development of the use of fertilisers and pesticides has dramatically increased the efficiency of food production and has in fact more than quadrupled food production in the last century1. They also have reduced the cost and increased the variety of foods available. However, there are serious consequences to the uses of many of these pesticides and fertilisers and they have resulted in various environmental problems. Fertilisers: In a natural ecosystem plants eventually die and decay. When the plant dies, it decomposes and bacteria and other soil microorganisms break down organic molecules and release the nutrients back into the soil2. However, in a farm, the plants (i.e. crops) are harvested and the nutrients are removed with them. If a high yield is to be maintained for a number of years the nutrients must be replaced. Therefore in order to maintain productivity in agriculture farmers need to use fertilisers containing these nutrients. There are two types of fertilisers used by farmers in agriculture: inorganic fertilisers and organic fertilisers. They both have advantages and disadvantages within themselves.
The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution may be defined as the application of power-driven machinery to manufacturing. It had its beginning in remote times, and is still continuing in some places. In the eighteenth century all of western Europe began to industrialize rapidly, but in England the process was most highly accelerated. England's head start may be attributed to the emergence of a number of simultaneous factors. Britain had burned up her magnificent oak forests in its fireplaces, but large deposits of coal were still available for industrial fuel. There was an abundant labor supply to mine coal and iron, and to man the factories. From the old commercial empire there remained a fleet, and England still possessed colonies to furnish raw materials and act as captive markets for manufactured goods. Tobacco merchants of Glasgow and tea merchants of London and Bristol had capital to invest and the technical know-how derived from the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century. Last, but not least important, the insularity of England saved industrial development from being interrupted by war. Soon all western Europe was more or less industrialized, and the coming of electricity and cheap steel after 1850 further speeded the process. I. The Agricultural Revolution The English countryside was transformed between 1760 and 1830 as the open-field system of cultivation gave way to
Different methods of pest control and their environmental issues.
Different methods of pest control and their environmental issues Different methods of pest control and their environmental issues A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest. Pests can be insects, mice and other animals, unwanted plants (weeds), fungi, or microorganisms like bacteria and viruses. Though often misunderstood to refer only to insecticides, the term pesticide also applies to herbicides, fungicides, and various other substances used to control pests. Pesticides may be organic products, such as nicotine, or synthetic chemical products, such as paraquat. Pesticides include: Weedkillers Also known as herbicides Insecticides Insect pest killers Fungicides Kill fungi, including mould Acaricides Kill spiders Nematocides Kill round, thread or eel worms Rodentcides Kill mice and rats Algicides Kill algae Miticides Kill mites Molluscicides Kill snails and slugs Growth regulators Stimulate or retard plant growth Defoliants Remove plant leaves Desiccants Speed plant drying Attractants Attract insects e.g. pheromones (Biochemicals used to disrupt the mating behaviour of insects) Repellents Repel pests, including insects (such as mosquitoes) and birds Pesticides are meant to kill. They fall into five main chemical categories, all of which have different effects:
To what extent did the 'collective' farms of Eastern Europe work?
To what extent did the 'collective' farms of Eastern Europe work? The ideology of collectivisation 1st became a viable policy in Stalinist Russia. The primary thinking behind this revolutionary initiative was to improve agricultural production to a level that could sustain the ever-increasing urban masses. Furthermore the decision makers in Eastern Europe wished to ensure an abundant supply of cheap food was available so that they could control, and keep real wage rates at a manageable level. The collectivisation of agriculture was envisaged by the socialist regimes as the "Ideal vehicle to achieve this objective." (1) The large-scale cultivation necessitated by collectivisation was seen by the socialist regime as a fundament strategy to improve the total productivity of the agricultural sector. Within a short space of time its origins and principles had began to spread rapidly throughout the Eastern European states, until the widespread adoption of the policy became an essential tool for the majority of socialist regimes. As one looks at collectivisation throughout Eastern Europe, it becomes apparent early on that no 2 nation states had identical results from the adoption of this policy. Each State has to be judged on its own merits and individual socio-economic results. Hungary, Poland and Czechoslovakia were 3 infant states that had collectivisation enforced upon them