What are the Affects of Warming Up and Cooling Down?
What are the Affects of Warming Up and Cooling Down? Warm Up A warm-up routine is essential to raise the body temperature by using all the major muscle groups thereby increasing blood flow and elasticity of muscle tissue and allowing more oxygen to be carried to the working muscles. This will prepare the body for the activity to follow. This will also improve performance and reduce the risk of injury. The warm up is a technique designed: ·To prepare the body for competition or conditioning exercise. ·To reduce the possibility of muscle injury or soreness The warm up should include exercises that prepare the muscles to be used and activate the energy system required. The warm up should also be related specifically to the activity that follows. For instance, sit-ups or push-ups are not useful as a warm up for running in a football game. Instead, jogging or run a through are the best preparation. Warming up produces beneficial physiological changes: ·There is an increase in the blood flow through the muscle as the small blood vessels dilate, and therefore an increase in the local temperature of the muscle and the oxygen supply. ·It mobilizes the oxidative energy sources so that it is easier to switch to aerobic energy production. This is achieved by increases in the heart and respiratory rates. ·There is reduced viscosity in the muscles, so they can
Motor Neurone Disease
Motor Neurone Disease (MND), incurable condition in which the nerves concerned with muscular contraction degenerate progressively. This may affect motor neurones in the brain and in the spinal cord. When the main effect is on the spinal cord (the commonest variety of the disease), the condition is also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The result of the nerve destruction is progressive paralysis and atrophy (wastage of muscles); this usually begins in one group of muscles and then gradually spreads to affect the whole body. Steven Hawking, (pictured below), suffers from this disorder. You do not normally get this before you reach the age of forty and it is more common in men than women. But 5 to 10 per cent of incidents of the disease are inherited, and in some of these there is known to be a gene defect that alters the function of an enzyme known as super oxide dismutase. Affected muscles twitch, become progressively weaker. The muscles that control eye movement, and sphincter muscles, which surround the openings of organs such as the bowel, are unaffected. Deterioration of the long spinal-cord tracts and nerve cells concerned with movement results in wasting and weakness of the small muscles in the persons hands, spreading to the forearms, and there is increased muscle tension in the legs. When the disease affects the nerves emerging from the brain stem it
Muscles and Joints.
The Muscles and Joints Of the Body have about 650 Muscles and Joints in the body. Our skeleton is made up of 206 bones. There are many different type of bones like long, short, irregular and flat bones also hard bones. The bones are here to get you to stand up straight and walk . Joints and Movements Your joints are where the bones are meet. There are three parts to this. A) The fixed joint, which cannot move. B) The partly moveable Joint that can move about in certain criteria. C) The freely moveable joints that can move in any direction. Here are some kinds of joints. * The saddle Joint allows movement into two directions just like the thumb. * The Pivot joint is a special joint that has a ring, which fits into axis vertebra. This joint allows rotation of about 1800. An example of this joint is the top of the neck to the head. * The ball and socket joint is the most movable joint. It comprises of a ball that fits into a socket. The hip joint is a good example. The disadvantage to this joint is that the movement is limited. * The gliding joint can be found in the spine. Small sliding movements to take place. The joints are nearly flat . * The condyloid joint is a joint found on the wrist . This joint also allows movement back and forward and side-to-side. The radius and the ulna have ends, which are hollow and can fit into bones of the
Human and Social Biology
Human and Social Biology . The term endocrine comes from the Greek word 'endo', (meaning within), and the Greek word 'krinein', (meaning secrete). The endocrine system consists of a number of ductless glands situated around the body, which have the ability to secrete hormones directly into the blood stream. A hormone is a chemical messenger that travels through the blood to another target organ or tissue where it may influence activity, nutrition and growth. Hormones do not initiate reactions they modify the rate of those already taking place. The major endocrine glands present in every typical human are; one pituitary gland, one thyroid gland, four parathyroid glands, two adrenal glands, (suprarenal), the pancreatic islets, (islets of Langerhans), one pineal gland, one thymus gland, and either two testes in the male or two ovaries in the female. A diagram showing the location of the major endocrine organs within the human body Pituitary gland The pituitary gland and the hypothalamus are found within the brain and act together as a unit to regulate the activity of most of the other endocrine glands. The hypothalamus is sometimes referred to as the control centre as it controls pituitary function and plays a vital role co-ordinating between tissue and organ activity via the secretion of hormones. The pituitary gland, or master gland, is attached to the hypothalamus by a
Examine the different types of muscular contraction and the movements that they produce
Examine the different types of muscular contraction and the movements that they produce The 'All or none law' is that all the forces within a motor unit will contract maximally or not at all. Generally there are three ways or categories of muscle contraction. They are isotonic, isokinetic and isometric. There are two more that are called concentric and eccentric. Isotonic contraction is the most common form of muscular contraction. It occurs when a muscle is acting as a prime mover and shortening under tension, creating movement around a joint. The definition of isotonic contraction is the force applied to a movable object or it is a dynamic movement. An example of this is picking up an object. When you pick up a bag you applied a force to a movable object. When you are lifting weights you are also applying force to a movable object. It is possible that isotonic contraction can turn into isometric contraction. An example of this if you try to pick up a heavy bag. You move the bag slightly upwards (isotonic contraction), but then you stop and you can't stand up completely erect while holding the sack. At the point when the movement stopped, contraction became isometric. In isotonic contractions the muscle contracts and shortens, giving movement. Nearly all the training you do is isotonic. Advantages * Strengthens a muscle throughout the range of movement. *
P.E. Assessment
P.E. Assessment What skill have I just seen? The skill I have just seen was a Javelin Throw in/at...........and the conditions were............ What was the outcome? The outcome was that the javelin................. What level is the performer at? The performer looks to be at a Performance level in relation to the performance pyramid - This is where participants are committed to their activity and take part in formal competitions. They are keen to improve and reach goals and targets and they do this by receiving coaching. E.g. Higher athletics clubs and Regional Squads like North West Squad. I can judge this by how Aesthetic the skill looks and the outcome of the distance thrown. Strengths & Why The performer is maintaining a straight body position with the javelin. This enables the performer to use their entire upper part of the body to launch the javelin with the right arm and through the point. Keeping the right elbow high and bringing the javelin through at a speed. This makes sure that the tip of the javelin lands first. This also helps with following through the point. Following through the point allows all of the force to travel towards the point from the handle, therefore maximum distance is achieved. If the performer did not throw through the point, the distance of throw would have reduced and the tail may land first causing a foul. The speed of
Describe the attachment of muscles and how they produce movement and provide support
Describe the attachment of muscles and how they produce movement and provide support. The functions of muscle are to contract and therefore produce movement, support of body parts and transport of materials within the body. Muscles move the bone and the nerve control them. Muscles do other things besides moving bones. There are three types of muscle are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Other specialised, contractile cells include the myoepithelial cells that surround glandular tissue and the myofibroblast that participate in wound repair (contraction). * Skeletal muscle moves the skeleton and organs like the tongue and eye. It is under voluntary control. Its highly organised contractile proteins give a striated appearance. * Cardiac muscle contracts the heart. * Smooth muscle does not have a striated appearance since its contractile apparatus is organised differently from that of the other muscle types. It lines viscera, the gastrointestinal tract, the uterus, and the bladder. It is also found in the walls of blood vessels and the respiratory area. The skeletal muscle Tissue organisation: Individual skeletal muscle cells are called muscle fibres. Muscle fibres are large and the nuclei reside along the cell boundary. A basal lamina and connective tissue surround each muscle cell. They are bound to each other and to surrounding tissue by connective
How Are the Arm and the Leg Adapted for Their Special Function?
How Are the Arm and the Leg Adapted for Their Special Function? Both the arm and the leg are adapted in a variety of ways to accommodate their special functions. The primary function of the lower limb is to support the weight of the body and to provide a stable foundation in standing, walking and running. Thus, in general it can be seen that in the lower limb, adaptation to stability takes precedence over adaptation to mobility. The upper limb is the organ of manual activity, and as such is a multijointed lever freely movable on the upper trunk at the shoulder joint. At the distal end of the upper limb is the important prehensile organ- the hand. Much of its importance is dependent on the adaptations that allow the pincer-like motion of the thumb. Much of the stability of the lower limb is attributable to the pelvic girdle. The body mass acts through the vertebral column on the pelvic girdle, which in turn transmits forces to the lowerlimbs. Whereas the pectoral girdle of the upper limb is united to the trunk by only a small joint, the sternoclavicular joint, the two hip bones articulate posteriorly with the trunk at the sacroiliac joints and anteriorly with each other at the symphysis pubis. This stability is in marked contrast with the upper limb. Forces are transmitted from the pelvis to the femur at the hip joint. As a ball and socket, the hip is intrinsically
Body In Action
BTEC NATIONAL CERTIFICATE IN SPORT (SPORTS DEVELOPMENT, COACHING AND FITNESS) UNIT 1 BODY IN ACTION ASSIGNMENT 1 Scenario You have been appointed as a sports science lecturer at a local college. You must produce a set of resources to be used by your pupils. Task1 Describe the structure and function of the axial and appendicular skeleton, including all the major bones, and the different classifications of joints and the range of movement at each. (P1) The human skeleton consists of both fused and individual bones supported and supplemented by ligaments, tendons, muscles and cartilage. It serves as a scaffold which supports organs, anchors muscles, and protects organs such as the brain, lungs and heart. At birth a newborn baby has approximately 270 bones, whereas on average an adult human has 206 bones. Axial skeleton The axial skeleton (80 bones) is formed by the vertebral column (26), the thoracic cage (12 pairs of ribs and the sternum), and the skull (22 bones and 7 associated bones). The axial skeleton transmits the weight from the head, the trunk, and the upper extremities down to the lower extremities at the hip joints, and is therefore responsible for the upright position of the human body. Most of the body weight is located in front of the spinal column which therefore have the erector spinal muscles and a large amount of ligaments attached to it resulting in
Anatomy and physiology for sport and exercise
UNIT 1: Anatomy and Physiology for Sport and Exercise finished Skeleton bones A skeleton is a strong framework of about 206 bones that protects the body's organs, supports the body, and provides attachment points for muscles to enable body movements. The skeletal system is a living, dynamic system, with networks of infiltrating blood vessels. Living mature bone is about 60% calcium compounds and about 40% collagen. Hence, bone is strong, hard and slightly elastic. All humans were born with over 300 bones but some bones, such as those in the skull and lower spine, fuse during growth, thereby reducing the number. Although mature bones consist largely of calcium, most bones in the skeleton of vertebrates, including humans, began as cartilage. Collagen- is a protein found abundantly throughout the bodies of animals, including humans. In fact, collagen makes up about one-third of the total body weight. Collagen is an important component of the body's connective tissues, which perform a variety of functions in the body Vertebrates They all have an internal skeleton of bone and/or cartilage, which includes a bony cranium surrounding the brain and a bony vertebral column enclosing the spinal cord The Axial and Appendicular Skeleton Skull Bones | Skull Anatomy The human skull (cranium) it is made out of 22 bones. The skull ( cranium) you can brake it down into two regions, the