Aspects of Wife of Bath shown in her prologue.

Aspects of Wife of Bath shown in her prologue

The Canterbury Tales, begun in 1387 by Geoffrey Chaucer, are written in heroic couplets iambic pentameters, and consist of a series of twenty-four linked tales told by a group of superbly characterised pilgrims ranging from Knight to Plowman. The characters meet at an Inn, in London, before journeying to the shrine of St Thomas a Becket at Canterbury. The Wife of Bath is one of these characters. She bases her both her tale and her prologue on marriage and brings humour and intrigue to the tales, as she is lively and very often crudely spoken. Her role as a dominant female contrasts greatly with the others in the tales, like the prim and proper Prioress represents the argument for virginity, whereas the Wife upholds the state of marriage.

Women were very much perceived as second class citizens in the Fourteenth Century, they were rarely educated and had little status in society. In contrast, the two female characters in the book are from areas of society where it was possible for women to have influence probably as these characters would hold more interest for his readership. The prioress was undoubtedly the most powerful person in the nunnery and the Wife´s position as a weaver would gain her respect and power although it is implied that she achieves this through other means. Through the Wife Chaucer shows how women achieved authority through marriage, using humour typical of modern mother-in-law comedy. His tongue in cheek approach shows how the Wife controls her husbands, by terrorising them so that each were "ful glad" when she "spake to hem faire". The reason for the Wife´s cruel treatment after marriage was that she no longer needed "to winne hir love, or doon hem reverence" proving her motives for marriage to be purely material and showing Chaucer´s opinion that some men get misled and tricked into marriage. The wife is also able to dominate her husbands by other methods, which she often recommends to other "wys wyfs". Here Chaucer is obviously appealing to his audience as there are no other wives on the pilgrimage but also the Wife may be suggesting that is not only her who acts in this manner therefore condoning it. She firstly accuses them of indecent behaviour thus covering her own faults and then reverts back to nagging. Her ability to nag and argue is complemented by her knowledge of many parables, fables and even astrology and she uses this to get the upper hand on her husbands but is defeated by Jankin as a scholar at Oxford which demonstrates the repression of women through lack of education.

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Wealth and property feature heavily in the wife´s portrayal of marriage and along with the issue of her independence is responsible for many of her marital conflicts. The first three husbands "riche and olde" were married each for "hir land and hir tresoor" then discarded as the Wife looks for other prospects. When one of these husbands tries to restrict the Wife´s spending she refuses to let him be both "maister of my body and of my good" so refuses sexual favours in return for her freedom as she will not become a mere possession. She generalises that women "love no man that taketh or keepth charge" suggesting an element of independence and individualism in 14th century marriage. The wife resents being controlled, she drinks "sweete wyn" and wears "clothing with precious array" despite objections from her husbands which is why the character of the Wife of Bath is sometimes thought to be the first feminist in recorded literature. She likes to have men in her "thrall.

One of the main features in the Wife´s prologue is the theme of sex, appearing frequently in euphemisms such as "chambre of Venus" and as a general theme. Her appetite for "meat" is seemingly insatiable and creates the impression that she is predatory. Her brash character is also complemented by her use of coarse language such as "queynte" and ability to talk unashamedly about more taboo subjects such as the use of "sely instruments" shows an openness in society especially among women. Yet the Wife does not only talk about sex, she uses it to control men, by refusing them sexual favours and threatening to sell her "bele chose" forcing each to appreciate what they have. Her sexual boastfulness appears as an advertisement to the pilgrims, which puts her motives for the pilgrimage into question

The Wife respects virginity with the popular opinion at the time but uses homely tales to show that not all people were cut out to be virgins. She also suggests that sexual organs were not only made to "purge urine" or comically "to knowe a femele from a male" but also for procreation which was necessary due to the decrease in population that resulted from the plague. Her argument towards sex presumably comes from past challenges towards her promiscuous nature and despite flaws, which Chaucer adds to bring realism, she concludes that sex within marriage is acceptable and in wife hood she will use her "instrument as frely as the Makere hath it sent". She tries to establish married women to be as important as virgins for, she argues, where would the next generation of virgins come from? Ultimately the wife defends women, who seem to be faced with unrealistic ideals of perfection, in the forms of virginity and abstinence dictated by scholars and the church

Age is also an element in the wife of Bath´s marital affairs. It appears that she cherishes youthful virtues, as she recalls the joys of her youth and says that age, has "biraft beautee and pith" although she may just be looking for compliments. It becomes clear that she needs to be more in demand than her husband is to have the upper hand. In her marriages to the younger husbands it becomes apparent that this is harder as she is more in their thrall, but despite this the worldly wife manages to change roles "in his owene grece I made him frie". Her attraction to younger men seems to spring from her dislike for "olde meat" but it is only after she is endowed with the wealth of her first three marriages that she can afford to marry for sexual pleasures showing the wife´s priories

Deceit is embedded within the wife´s relationships as it is heavily entwined with her methods of domination. The wife believes "Swere and lyen, as a woman kan", deceit and trickery are skills all women should use to keep men under control. She demonstrates this by referring to a well know story of the time, as is often Chaucer´s style, where a wife convinces her husband that the chough is mad when it tells of a lover´s visit. It is debatable whether the wife is actually unfaithful but it is heavily implied illustrating a complete lack of trust and fidelity. The gossiping nature of the wife may have something to do with this and also shows that marriage is not a private, intimate matter as she discloses even embarrassing incidents like when her husband "pissed on a wal". Along with domestic violence there seems to be little affection apart from when it is used to manipulate and no love for which the wife only yearns from husband number five because it is hard to obtain. The principles of the Church are distorted and contradicted as she even disrespects the pope and there is no mention of family, or children a matter important in the modern day church.;

The aspects of marriage portrayed in the Wife of Bath´s prologue feature heavily around sexual pleasure and wealth. Her description shows the struggle for power causes conflict, occasional violence and abuse, all the while she is justifying her lifestyle and fighting for female equality. Despite no fidelity, love, or trust as deceit and affairs that seem to be commonplace the Wife of Bath ‘s description of married life is very much a comical one, which she does seem to enjoy especially if she achieves fulfilment. Altogether Chaucer´s portrait of 14th Century married life is at best a humorous battleground for independence, wealth and pleasures of the flesh.