That was another problem many cities faced. After the war, when many commercial areas were destroyed, poorly built, yet
substantial buildings were erected to replace the damage which occurred. Of course this did not only happen to Canterbury- all
over Britain, post war development took place. Now when we look at the buildings, we generally get the idea that they are very
ugly, something that a city does not want. This is one of the reasons why people shop elsewhere. Continuing, the White Friars
Development scheme will demolish nearly all those effected by the previous development, instead building shops, which on the
whole look nicer. Hopefully, by doing this, the cities should restore the trade which previously they had once lost. The plan also
hopes to leave the shopping stores on the outskirts of the city improving the actual CBD, therefore drawing people in. The old
look has once again come in fashion. The shop Gap is an example, especially in Canterbury, where it was only recently built.
The scheme hopes to make the redeveloped shops look like this, a great improvement to that previously. The cities across
Britain were originally all designed for the people, however now it is for trade. But still obviously people come into the matter.
Once again the White Friars hope to have people actually living around and in the CBD, an 'all-in-one' if you like, where the
people do become part of this city. Once again this hopes to bring trade back into the city.
The schemes that have been set up all around Britain, hope to make them more attractive, in some cases far more so than at
present. Even the new shops hoping got be built have to pass the criteria of the Council- if they don't look right than the offer is
turned down: people just want to make the city a better place, not allowing it to become run down. Even the shops that are
open now will have to pass the certain criteria's. Another problem that the cities on the whole hope to overcome, is the problem
of crime, which plays such a big part. More police obviously have to be included in the problems which are apparent. As I have
said before, schemes have been set up, which keep the people away from crime.
Success has been shown in the new Park and Rides that have been built in certain areas. These rides are able to take people to
almost any places they want, at a relatively cheap price which seems very fair. Not only does it encourage people to come to
the city but it also prevents traffic congestion which is quite a big problem in many areas. The congestion sometimes puts off
people coming to a city, so by removing of this problem, more people will visit, thus adding to the trade. Traffic also won't
come in so will once again prevent the pollution problems which are gradually destroying cities and towns. Business suffers
because of traffic so by carrying out these schemes people will be doing it a great favour. However most of the Park and Ride's
that have been developed tend to be on the outskirts, away from where congestion can take place. Perhaps a slight problem
that cities may be faced with is the fact that more and more offices are being built further away. However, because of this it may
mean that there may be less trade fewer people attracted to coming to the city.
Pedestrinisation-taking traffic away from the CBD
Obviously all cities have undergone some sort Pedestrinisation, helping it in many points of view. In Canterbury, for example,
many parts have undergone this, preventing pollution of vehicles as well as traffic, which can cause so many problems. The fact
that cars or for that matter lorries do not pass through the high street, in someways encourage trade, few people put off the idea
of visiting. Streets have been redeveloped so that they are the same height as pavements. Delivery vehicles are now only
allowed to enter the city either during the morning or late in the evening, not during shopping areas thus not affecting it (the
trade).
Perhaps another problem that faces British Cities, particularly the CBD, is the price of property. As land values increase, fewer
people seem able to afford the high prices, meaning in general less trade. Only the larger shops, such as Gap or M&S, are able
to afford these rents, so there is a smaller abundance of the smaller shops- they are unable to survive. Less trade is a result of
this; the shops that people want are no longer there. In some ways this mean that the city on the whole suffers not just the
effected by the high prices. There is the constant fight going on for different shops to buy areas of land, actually owning them, is
the important thing. This eventually leads to the demand of more properties being built, the need for them increases. This may
cause the CBD to expand, in some ways something it does not want. Only the richer shops are able to afford the rents, so the
increase of these shops are more apparent. Most importantly they take other shop's trade away, but do increase the number of
people coming to the city- that is one advantage. So perhaps a solution to this problem would be do lower the cost of rents,
which would be to the advantage of the city, on the whole.
The main solution to the problems of traffic in the CBD has been the creation of precincts or streets that consider first the needs
of the walker. These have taken a variety of forms: streets in New Towns that were built solely for Pedestrian use, covered
shopping precincts and streets that have been closed to varying categories of vehicles or excluded them altogether.
The first example of Pedestrianisation is though to have been a converted street in a German town, Essen in 1929. The same
thing soon happened in Britain: advantage was taken of the closure of London Street because of a collapsed sewer, and the
passing of the Traffic Regulation Act, to make closure permanent. The 1971 Town and Country Planning Act gave added
impetus to the movement, and by 1980 there were more than 1,000 pedestrian streets, arcades or enclosed centres.
The exclusion of traffic from urban centres and related environmental improvements not only helps to retain residents and
encourage others to return, they also attract more users and visitors, maintaining the traditional function of urban centres.
As I have said before, Canterbury is an excellent example that has proved successful in the development of pedestrianisation.
We can see quite clearly that few cars travel through the city, and has thus taken advantage of this. More people now use the
Park and Ride schemes, because of this fact helping towards the city.
As well as the schemes that have taken place in Canterbury, many other cities have done much the same thing. Tonbrige Wells
is an example. Recently it has opened the Victoria centre which obviously has attracted more people to the city, but has also
caused other problems. It has decreased the amount of trade in the other parts of the city, the high street, especially the minor
shops which in no way can compare. That is one problem about these huge shopping malls being opened- at the same time of
attracting people to Tonbrige Wells, it also declines the amount f trade in other parts. Bromley has done much the same thing,
opening an indoor shopping centre.
Changes in Canterbury- how the problem of lack of trade is being solved
In the past decade there have been changes in the distribution of major shops within the city and this has been reflected in
pedestrian flows. There always has been a heavy flow of pedestrians along the main north west south east artery from ST.
Peter's Street to St George Street, which has over 50% of all the shops in the city.
All the major shops, banks and departmental stores are situated within the areas having 500 pedestrians per hour, with the
exception of Marks and Spencer and Woolworth's, which are old establishments.
There is a gradual decline in the number of pedestrians along the north West End of St. Peters street and this is a region of
mixed small shops. A location such as Burgate Lane, which joins ST. George's Street and Burgate, and faces the walls is also
an unfavourable environment for shops as few pedestrians pass this way though it is close to areas of high pedestrian density
and shops here often change businesses.
There is a fundamental relationship between pedestrian numbers and the type of shops in different parts of the city.
Dominance of the Large Supermarket chains
The retail revolution has seen 750 supermarkets come and 10,000 small independent shops go in the last twenty years.
Just 2% of British food outlets now account for 52% of food retail sales.
Many retail chains have closed their smaller branches and concentrated sales on large reorganised stores. Perhaps the best
example of this are the co-operatives which at one time would have had shops on most small shopping parades but now only
have branches in the larger cities.
The out of town development is basically due to the rapid advancement of tertiary activities, related to the manufacturing in the
growth of the economy. As people have become more affluent, a greater proportion of their income is spent on retail goods and
services.
As cities have grown, the locational pattern of industry, like that of service activities, has become more complex. In the
beginning industry would be concentrated around the core of the city and nearby along a waterway, rail line or some other land
route which provided the cheapest transport for the raw materials needed and the finished product. With time, shortage of land,
congestion, other problems associated with older industrial areas, the development of rapid road transport and technological
changes have led to the decentralisation of industry. Established industries have moved out and together with new industries
occupied more desirable locations.
Traffic in Canterbury's CBD
In Canterbury there has been a change in traffic flow. As road traffic increased after the Second World War, and the road
freight passing through Dover climbed, and inner ring road was built in the 60's to ease the burden of heavy traffic passing along
the main shopping street. This inner ring road followed a line just outside the City walls. It was heavily used and finally
supplemented by outer by pass in the mid 80's/ Both of these by passes reduced the through traffic using city roads and shortly
after wards the Main Street was pedestrianised almost from end to end. The first part to be pedestrianised was to rebuild St.
George Street because, when it was rebuilt, rear access to the shops was provided, and now lorries are only able to make use
of it during the early morning and at night.
Transport
Transport, in relation to the CBD, is an important factor in the economic prospects of the inner areas, because mobility and
congestion affect the job prospects of their residents and the efficiency of local businesses.
Transport management has been reformed over the last decade with new style transport authorities, pans and financial
arrangements. The transport Act in 1969 introduced Passenger Transport Authorities in the major cities, following the model
of London Transport. The Greater London Council's plans for a motorway box in inner London and a massive restructuring of
the primary road network were abandoned in 1973 and following the increases in oil prices metropolitan county councils
reviewed their road building programs.
