The declining economy of the Soviet Union from 1960’s to 1980’s was also one of the main reasons that the Cold War ended peacefully in 1989. Due to the less money spent on technology the Soviet Union became weaker. As it was now illegal to censor information and communication networks and hard to control what came from fax machines and to jam radio and TV signals, more and more people got to know about the free West. By this, the personal expectations rose especially concerning the freedom rights and economic systems. So, the economic declines also resulted in political unrest in the Soviet bloc. This declining economy hurt the Soviet businesses and now less people were interested in investing money in Soviet projects. The lives of normal people were also affected as the prices of various household items increased enormously and the lives of workers were also harmed because there was now less income available.
Apart from technology issues there were other major economic flaws in the Soviet Union. In April 1986 a nuclear power plant exploded in Chernobyl, killing hundreds of civilians and causing damage which was worth around a billion dollars. Russian oil sales to abroad were also reduced so the government reduced the import of consumer goods. This left Soviet citizens with less to buy and government revenues were also going down. The government soon realized that more money was being spent than the revenues generated. To make up for this, the government started printing more money, which was a sign of increasing inflation. Then people started putting money into banks as they couldn’t spend it all and the money in the banks was wasted by the Soviet government as it wasn’t invested in worthy projects. The government also tried to increase private farming by offering land to new farmers. However, few people were interested in agriculture as they were not sure if private farming was permanent and so this project also failed. Sometimes the production capabilities were unable to meet the demand of the planner. Growth targets were predicted badly by the Soviets and the economy showed no signs of progress. However, when Gorbachev came to power, his ideas provided little hope of improvements.
According to a recent explanation, the Soviet economy didn’t start declining in the 1980’s, but it had been going down for the last two decades. It was just the change of perspective of the Soviet leaders in the 1980’s they realized that the Soviet economy was declining fast and that it wouldn’t be possible for the economy to make profits unless some steady changes were made. After the Soviet leaders realized that they would never catch up with the Americans, they were convinced to make a deal with the United States. However, the “New Thinking” of Gorbachev can be credited for the change in perspectives of Soviet leaders in the 1980’s.
One of the other main reasons that helped to bring an end to the war was the arms race. The U.S.A kept pressure on the Soviet Union to spend more and more money than its economy could maintain. The policies of arms buildup and Reagan Doctrine pressured the Soviet Union. The Reagan Doctrine was created to summarize the goal of Reagan administration which was to support any anti-communist uprising wherever they may be. Although the Soviet authorities tried to spend consistent money on arms and defense, it was no where near enough to compete with the American defense powers. As the arms race was hurting the Soviet economy, Gorbachev started to prepare himself to negotiate with the United States.
At the 1986 summit in Iceland, Reagan and Gorbachev agreed destroy all intermediate missiles in Europe. They also considered eliminating all nuclear missiles on both sides, but Gorbachev demanded Reagan to end his Strategic Defense Initiative plan which Reagan refused to do and the deal was left unconcluded. However, in 1987 they did agree to the Range Nuclear Forces treaty, in which all intermediate missiles in Europe were removed. START I and START II treaties were also signed between the two sides. In these treaties MIRV’s were removed from certain areas. The treaty of Conventional Forces in Europe was also signed which reduced the number of troops, tanks, and military aircraft in Europe. Both Reagan and Gorbachev were coming ever closer to ending the arms race. Gorbachev’s “New Thinking” and Reagan’s positive reception brought an end to one of the most deadly arms build-up the world had ever seen.
In the ending of the Cold War the major helping hand was provided by the republics within the Soviet bloc. Nationalism in many Eastern European countries was increasing and they all started their campaigns for freedom from the Soviet Union. The Baltic Republics started their demonstration way earlier than any other Soviet republic as they were the most eager for independence. In Poland Solidarity labor unions began to rise in the early 1980’s. These unions organized strikes, demanding more pay and a change to the unfair labor rights. As they forced Soviet economy to its decline, they won freedom of expression, politics, religion, and recognition of their labor unions. Finally Polish leaders were forced to allow free elections. The Solidarity participants, however, were only allowed one third of seats and still a communist government was established. The nation faced another era of economic sufferings as electricity, gas, and water prices rose 500 percent. Then eventually the Communist Party gave up and on January 29th 1990 Poland renamed itself as the Republic of Poland. Democratic elections were held and communism failed to prevail.
In Hungary and Czechoslovakia, meanwhile, communist parties were falling. In the beginning of the year 1989 Gorbachev announced in the United Nations that he would pull out Soviet troops from Hungary. With this Hungary created independent political parties other than Hungary’s Communist Party. Many changes occurred in Hungary as there were younger people taking control of the political parties who were more open-minded and didn’t like to use power and violence. Soon the Hungarian Communist Party changed its name to European Social Democrats. Hungary declared itself a republic and now Hungarians were free to travel without a special permission that they had to have previously.
These movements in Hungary and Poland were encouraging to Czechoslovakia, which was a neighbor state. There were protests in Czechoslovakia led by Vaclac Havel. The communist government there arrested him and many other illegal protestors. People in Prague protested against the government and in return the police attacked the demonstrators. Hundreds were admitted to hospitals and many were arrested. The following day around 10,000 people demonstrated against the government. The next day, there were 200,000 demonstrators and around 500,000 people demonstrated on the day when the Communist Party agreed to give up. In early December the Communist Party declared that the invasion of Czechoslovakia had been a mistake and by the end of December, Havel was the head of the newly created parliament.
East Germany in the meantime also started looking forward to their freedom. On August 23, 1989 Hungary opened its border to Austria, which was a neutral nation, many East Germans traveled to Hungary and then to Austria finding their way to West Germany. An estimated 500,000 had escaped when the Soviet authorities found out about the issue. To prevent further getaways, the Soviet Union closed East Germany’s border with Czechoslovakia, but the pressure from civilians didn’t cease to mount. Protests and demonstrations also increased after the border was closed and many East Germans were becoming impatient to gain their independence.
Gorbachev finally decided to visit East Germany. It was the fortieth anniversary of East Germany when people gathered and asked Gorbachev for help with freedom issues. Reagan once said to Gorbachev “General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberation: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!” Gorbachev gave it along thought and set up Eric Honecker as the communist leader of East Germany to solve this issue. As the demonstrations grew Honecker decided to resign and replacing him was Egon Krenz, who met with the protestors and listened to their demands. It was not long after that he fired the whole cabinet and ordered to break down the Berlin Wall. On November 9, 1989 the wall was opened and millions of East Germans fled to the West Germany seeking for a better life. On March 1990 the communists were voted out and East Germany left the Warsaw Pact. As Germany was the heart of the conflict, the breaking down of the Berlin Wall signifies the end of the Cold War.
It is also believed that there was a huge contribution of Pope John Paul II in the ending of the Cold War. If the matter is closely studied we could infer that Pope did help to bring “an awakening” in Poland. Just eight months after becoming the pope, he visited his home nation Poland for nine days. The pope’s spokesman said that the pope believed the evil and corrupt Empire of Soviet Union couldn’t stay for a long time, its destruction was definite. There were around 250,000 Poles who attended the pope’s speech. The pope mentioned that people have a right to have freedom, independence and protection of human rights. People clapped and kept clapping for the next eight minutes, police and politics were no longer of any importance, the pope was believed to be the real power.
A year later Solidarity unions came into being and as mentioned earlier, they were one of the main reasons that the Soviet republics gained their independence. This movement had ten million people registered as members and priests had also joined the union. Pope is sometimes also credited for Gorbachev not using Soviet army in Poland and other eastern European countries. What the pope actually did was to motivate the people morally. The Soviets knew very well how to deal with political pressure, but they had no idea how strong and effective moral pressure could prove. In my opinion pope did have some contribution in the independence of the Soviet republics.
By 1990 Communism fell in Eastern Europe and lost its influence around the world. The Soviet Union was also demolished and its republics became independent. Many experts predicted that the world would become a safer place now. Mikhail Gorbachev also won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to end the Cold War. His policies of Glasnost and Perestroika helped bring an end to one of the most feared wars in the 20th century. However, the credit could also be given to the American containment policy which pushed Soviet Union to stretch the arms race and finally made its economy weaker. The Soviet republics and their efforts with protests and demonstrations also helped to end the war. The end of the Cold War also signifies the end of the Soviet Empire. Soviet Union was no longer a superpower which left the United States to become the only major superpower in the world.
SOURCES:
“CNN Cold War – Spotlight : Pope John Paul II” www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/19/spotlight
“Chapter 16” http://www.parland.sd63.bc.ca:1084/chapter_16.htm
“Cold War Ends” http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:5PUQvSBsAWAJ:www.socialstudieshelp.com/USRA_Cold_War_Ends.htm+End+Cold+War&hl=en&ie=UTF-8
“The Cold War” www.polisci.edu/courses/fall2003/ 1025/002/kisok/TheColdWar.pdf
“The Fall of Berlin Wall – Berlin Wall History” http://www.dailysoft.com/berlinwall/history/fall-of-berlinwall.htm
“Think Quest : Library : Cold War” http://library.thinkquest.org/22059/end/
“Untitled Document” http://srtsandscience.concordia.ca/poli329ml/lecture24_txt.html