Evaluate the Impact of PPG 16 on Archaeological Practice
Evaluate the Impact of PPG 16 on Archaeological Practice In November 1990, archaeology in England saw a series of fundamental changes to the practice and application of the archaeology of planned development sites, with the Department of the Environment's 'Planning and Policy Guidance Note 16'. This document is directed at the planning authorities, property owners, developers, amenity societies and the general public, as well as the archaeological community. Wales and Scotland have very similar guidance policies, and PPG 16 has become the basis of all rescue archaeology - and therefore the majority of excavations - in England. Imitation being the sincerest form of flattery, similar models are being implemented in other areas of the world such as Romania and Taiwan1 As a pre-excavation guidance strategy, PPG 16 'advocates the presumption of preserving important archaeological sites and their settings'.2 It can therefore be seen as an official endorsement of the fact that 'archaeological remains are a non-renewable and fragile source [for which] care must be taken to ensure they are not thoughtlessly destroyed [and that] they are part of our national identity.'3 Having set out the key factors to consider with regard to the effects of environmental planning on the archaeological record in section A, the document goes on to state in section B how developers and planners
Comfort Factors in Buildings
72 Introduction 2 Visual Comfort 2-6 Ventilation and air quality 6-7 Acoustics comfort 7-10 Condensation 0-12 Thermal Comfort 2-13 Conclusion 3 References 4 Bibliography 4 INTRODUCTION Buildings are basically constructed to provide security, shelter, warmth and light for occupants. These necessitates were fundamentally met by a cave with a fire. In the present time, after the basic needs are supplied, the new demand will be a sophisticated and comfortable internal environment with more facilities. Several factors should be taken into account trying to "provide and maintain" a comfortable environment for occupiers such as a comfortable work, living, leisure environment for people and an adequate environment for machinery and equipment which requires the right conditions to operate. However comfort is very subjective and differs from occupier to occupier because people have different comfort levels. The aim of designers should be to make the greatest number of occupier happy and minimise discomfort. Comfort factors are related to our senses, touch, vision, smell and hearing. A building should provide and maintain a good visual and aural environment and an ambient temperature also including no unwanted noise or smell, efficient and good lighting, fresh air, warmth or cooling. Design criteria should consist of all these factors. However the choice of
Youth Culture and Society.
Youth Culture and Society Assignment Two This project aims to investigate young peoples use of urban space in particular reference to contested spaces within the urban environment and the conflicts that can arise amongst certain sectors of the community around these contested spaces. In tackling such a large subject it is important to narrow the subject area down to be able to cope with it more thoroughly. For this subjects research shopping centres have been chosen as the contested space here due to the fact that it is a key area for youth groups to congregate in urban space. It is also an interesting area to study due to the conflicts that arise here between consumers shopping and youth groups socialising. This project will also question why these conflicts seem to arise in certain urban areas such as shopping centres. The research and investigation in this project aims to address this question. The area that the discourse is analysing here is the shopping centre and the chosen shopping centre for this study is touchwood in Solihull. This is because it is a site where youths very visibly congregate in large groups and is therefore a prime site to observe conflict between different sectors of the community. As well as this Solihull is an area that I know very well and am familiar with which therefore gives an advantage when researching and investigating the behaviour in the
Impact of Planning in the Property Market
Planning in the property market Running Head: Planning in the property market Impact of Planning in the Property Market. Craig O’Holleran Heriot-Watt University Introduction “Land is now one of the most regulated markets on the planet” (McLaughlin, 2012: p50). There is a lot of debate whether planning policy in the property market is beneficial to all involved. Is the property market better off without the restrictions of planning policy? Are developers the winners and the public the losers or vice versa? This paper will try to explain the role and impact of planning on the property market regarding land use, land supply, demand, restrictions and levies on developers. The method of research for this paper is though various peer-reviewed journals and Governmental documentation. The Role and impact of planning on the property market The property market deals with the rights and interest in land and buildings (Balchin el al, 1995). The ownership of the rights to occupy a site can give great benefits to the buyer through development and investment. All land is heterogeneous and a use of a particular site may suit a specific purpose or command a higher price for one use over another. The property market consists of many land users such as, residential, retail, agricultural, offices, and manufacturing. Developers are competing for this land to develop properties
Construction Contract Law
Construction Contract Law Question 3 Margaret Tomlinson V Iain Wilson [2007] (QBD) (TCC) Leeds District Registry Introduction I am going to examine the case of Margaret Tomlinson V Iain Wilson and weather the use of adjudication would have assisted the parties in coming to cheaper and quicker solution to their quarrel. To give my opinion of the case I am going to explain other methods used to resolve disputes. Arbitration In arbitration an independent third party hears both sides in a dispute and makes a decision to resolve it. The arbitrator is impartial; this means he or she does not take sides. In most cases the arbitrator's decision is legally binding on both sides, so it is not possible to go to court if you are unhappy with the decision. Most types of arbitration have the following in common: * Parties both agree to use the process * It is private * The decision is made by a third party, not the people involved * The process is final and legally binding * There are limited grounds for challenging the decision * Hearings are often less formal than court hearings. (Note, however, that some forms of arbitration do not involve hearings but are decided on the basis of documents only) Litigation Litigation is the traditional form of dispute resolution and involves using the courts. In England and Wales, even before court proceedings start, it may be
Built Heritage
SU4020 BUILT HERITAGE CONSERVATION COURSEWORK 1 LISAVOON 087317 Report 23rd March 2009 Word Count: 2582 Table Content . Introduction 3 2. Timeline 4 3. Summary 5 4. Historical significance 7 5. Architectural design 9 5.1. Broad Street Elevation 9 5.2. Quadrangle 10 5.3. Mitchell Tower 11 5.4. Mitchell Hall 12 5.5. Interior 14 5.6. Architectures 15 5.6.1. Archibald Simpson 15 5.6.2. Robert Mathieson 16 5.6.3. WW Robertson 16 5.6.4. Alexander Marshall Mackenzie 16 6. Current use- redevelopment 17 7. Social Issues 18 8. Setting 19 9. Conclusion 20 References 21 Appendix 23 . Introduction The building that I had chosen is Marischal College, because it can consider as heritage building, that more than 400 years. Marischal College is a building in the Scottish city of Aberdeen, and it is belonging to the University of Aberdeen. The Marischal College located at the broad street, it have many alternative names Gallowgate; Greyfriars Church; Mitchell Hall; Mitchell Tower; Aberdeen University; Museum Marischal College claimed to be the second largest granite building in the world and the one most defining landmarks, exceeded only by Spain's Escorial, once the home of the Spanish monarchy. The frontage
How might the shelter crisis be resolved in cities of the South?
How might the shelter crisis be resolved in cities of the South? The shelter crisis affecting cities of the South today, results from a gap between rates of population expansion and of housing construction. Official statistics show that in the Third World the average annual construction of conventional housing is 2-4 per 1000 inhabitants. Comparing this to the average annual urban population growth rate of 25-60 per 1000 for these countries, a large proportion of the population appears to be unaccounted for. It is because of this imbalance that a shelter crisis has arisen. In this essay I aim to determine how the shelter crisis in cities of the South might be resolved. To do this I shall firstly identify the main causes of the crisis and secondly I shall suggest and evaluate solutions to resolve such a crisis. For the millions of poor in developing areas of the world, urban areas have always been a means for improving their quality of living and environment, besides getting better jobs and incomes. This, in contrast to deteriorating conditions in the rural areas has generated a considerable flow of migrants to cities, particularly in the last three decades. In these third world cities the 2nd phase of the demographic transition model is very apparent. With birth rate remaining high due to large numbers of young workers living in the cities but death rates fall because of
Critically examine the development of Town and Country Planning in the United Kingdom
"Critically examine the development of Town and Country Planning in the United Kingdom" Town and country planning or urban and regional planning as its otherwise known, can be defined as 'planning with a spatial, or geographical, component, in which the general objectives is to provide for a spatial structure of activities (or of land uses) which in some way is better than the pattern that would exist without planning' (Hall. 2002). Cherry (1974) expands this by stating town planning is an activity centred on land, land use and activities and the development process embedded within a distinct social context and takes place with economic and political systems. Hall (2002) claims town and country planning emerged in response to specific social and economic problems that were simulated by the Industrial Revolution at the end of the eighteenth century. Sutcliffe (1980) agrees, stating that the foundation period of modern planning was the century of rapid industrialisation and urbanisation which culminated in the First World War. However in order to fully recognise this, it is necessary to consider what happened prior to then in terms of planning. Element of planning are accepted to exist before industrialisation; since ancient times, towns had been laid out by authority, public facilities had been provided, and regulations to control private building had been enforced
Major Chemical Pollutants in Photochemical Smog.
Major Chemical Pollutants in Photochemical Smog: Sources and Environmental Effects Toxic Chemical Sources Environmental Effects Additional Notes Nitrogen Oxides (NO and NO2) - combustion of oil, coal, gas in both automobiles and industry - bacterial action in soil - forest fires - volcanic action - lightning - decreased visibility due to yellowish color of NO2 - NO2 contributes to heart and lung problems - NO2 can suppress plantgrowth - decreased resistance to infection - may encourage the spread of cancer - all combustion processes account for only 5 % of NO2 in the atmosphere, most is formed from reactions involving NO -concentrations likely to rise in the future Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) - evaporation of solvents - evaporation of fuels - incomplete combustion of fossil fuels - naturally occurring compounds like terpenes from trees - eye irritation - respiratory irritation - some are carcinogenic - decreased visibility due to blue-brown haze - the effects of VOCs are dependent on the type of chemical - samples show over 600 different VOCs in atmosphere - concentrations likely to continue to rise in future Ozone (O3) - formed from photolysis of NO2 - sometimes results from stratospheric ozone intrusions - bronchial constriction - coughing, wheezing - respiratory irritation - eye irritation -
bradford council palanning and urban regeneration work placement report
Gavin Fowler Student Planning Officer Bradford Metropolitan Borough Council Regeneration Dept. June 2007 - June 2008 Table of contents (p) * acknowledgments .3 * Introduction to Bradford Council .4 * My role as a planning officer .5 - Day to day tasks - FUL applications - The Pre-app Service * The Area planning panel .9 * Listed buildings and conservation areas .10 * Greenbelts and the countryside policy .12 * Site visits and Health and safety. .13 * What has the placement done for me .13 -Personal statement -future prospects Acknowledgments I would like to thank Bradford Metropolitan Borough council for giving me the opportunity to learn and gain a positive experience from my time at the planning office. The experience I have gained has been invaluable and has definitely helped me to decide along a future career path. My time there has given me the confidence and ability to address situations that I would not have necessary felt comfortable addressing before. Special thanks - A special thanks to Amin Ibrar, who has been a good friend and colleague at the planning office. Amin shows great care and dedication in his work and has helped me out numerous problems during the year as well as introducing me to various computer systems, polices and taking me out for site visits. A special thanks to the administration