Investigation Into the effect of pectinase on apple juice extraction.
Investigation Into the effect of pectinase on apple juice extraction. Aim To investigate how the enzyme pectinase affects the volume of juice produced by apples. Hypothesis I suggest the larger the amount of pectinase the higher the volume of juice that is produced. This is because there is more active sites for the break down of the substrate (pectin) meaning the reaction will be take place faster and therefore more juice will be produced in the given time. Method Apparatus: * Boiling Tube (x2) * Small Beakers (x2) * Large Beaker * Filter Paper (x2) * Blender * Apples (x2) * Test Tube Rack * Pectinase * Balance * Bunsen Burner * Tripod * Heat Proof Mat * Gauze * Thermometer Procedure: Start by setting up two filter funnels using the dampened filter paper and place these into the two boiling tubes. Take the apples and cut them into small cubes then place these together with 80cm3 of distilled water into the blender and blend for approximately 1 minute. Place the contents into the large beaker and whilst stirring heat to a temperature of 80°C for two minutes. Now place the large beaker into a cold-water bath and cool the contents to about 20°C, stirring continuously. Then take the cooled apple and separate into two beakers, each beaker should contain exactly 60g of apple. Weigh out two different amounts of pectinase; add these to the separate beakers
Comparing a Countryside in Summer & Winter
Comparing a Countryside in Summer & Winter The sound of the dawn chorus broke the harsh grip of night, leaving way for another fine day where the air was crisp and bright. Tiny tanned sparrows skipped along the concrete path of the cottage as a magpie flew silently overhead. The wide expanse of woodland at the back of the secluded hermitage, stood shady and merciful to the heat. Rabbits darted between ferns and foxgloves. Voles and dormice scurried across the forest floor avoiding larger carnivores. A single stag strode through the trees, demanding respect as it reached toward the outstretched arms of the trees. The scene was enchanting. The cottage was set into the grassy bank. This reduced the size significantly. Branches full with sycamore leaves stretched out from the woodland and tapped on the tattered, multi-paned windows. The panes were of old-fashioned thickness and grubby due to long term wear and tear. Bright rays of sunlight beamed down from a cloudless sky onto the cottage, heating the thickly thatched roof until the rafters below cracked. The sunlight dazzled off the white wash walls of the tiny building. Summer swallows perched on the roof and pecked at the thatch. Many a nest had been made in the thick straw roof that spring. Summer flowers bloomed along the winding path and picket fence membrane. The garden was overgrown. Dandelions sprouted up
To examine plant succession across the umbra sand dunes at Magilligan. We set up a main Hypothesis which states "Sand dunes at Magilligan exhibit characteristics typical of psamoseres".
Module 3 Techniques in geography Aim: To examine plant succession across the umbra sand dunes at Magilligan. We set up a main Hypothesis which states "Sand dunes at Magilligan exhibit characteristics typical of psamoseres". We then set up 4 sub hypothesis these state: - "Climate changes inland (shade, shelter, and temperature)" 2-"The soil is modified by the accumulation of dead organic matter during succession. 3-"Diversity of plant species increases during the succession" 4-"Plant adaptations change inland" Planning: In Module 1 we were studying ecosystems, plant succession and we decided to look at primary succession on a sand dune environment. We looked at characteristics; how a dune is formed. We looked at vegetation, micro-climate and soil. We selected each characteristic individually and set up a sub hypothesis for each, as shown above. We discussed sampling methods and decided to use stratified sampling; using a transect. We chose this method because the Sand dunes are of different ages and we are looking at the changes from the youngest to the oldest. We sampled each dunes crest as it has the same environmental conditions at each crest. To compare each crest the conditions have to be similar, we studied ten points along a Transect. We were put into groups to share the responsibilities of the field work and for safety reasons. Each group would take turns in
Analyse The Roll Of Human Activity In Plant Succession.
Analyse The Roll Of Human Activity In Plant Succession I am going to be discussing the role that human activity has to play in plant succession. Plant succession is where vegetation in a particular location changes in a sequence of steps over time involving different plant communities. Plant succession starts when an area has been cleared of vegetation. There are both positive and negative roles that humans can play in plant succession, and I will be discussing both of these. There are a number of negative roles that humans play in plant succession. Deforestation is where humans will clear a mass of vegetation for reasons such as a growth in population and needing the land for farming etc. The affect that this can have on plant succession is that it is interrupting the changes over time and is stopping the plant succession before it has had the chance to reach a stable equilibrium. When deforestation removes an area of vegetation the plant succession has to start again, this is where secondary succession will occur. This is where plants will grow on an area that had previously been vegetated. If humans create fires in vegetation dominated areas it can have a devastating affect. It can occur in grasslands, moorlands, forests and heaths. The climate plays a big part on how bad the fire can be. If it is windy then the fires will move much move quickly and will burn faster.
Throughout the novel, Hawthorne uses plant imagery to symbolize both the negative and positive character traits and to set the mood of the novel.
Throughout the novel, Hawthorne uses plant imagery to symbolize both the negative and positive character traits and to set the mood of the novel. The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne takes place during the age of Puritanism in Boston where a young and attractive Puritan woman commits adultery with the Reverend Mr. Dimmesdale. Chillingworth, Hesters' husband, whom everyone thought was captured by Indians comes to town, but only Hester knows his true identity. Chillingworth vows to figure out who Hesters' lover is and he succeeds. Ultimately, this novel contains deception and guilt which is in the form of plant imagery. Hawthorne uses many different negative variations of plant imagery to illustrate his ideas. First of all, living plant life, portraying the torturing of Dimmesdale by Chillingworth, remains evident throughout the novel. For example, when Chillingworth went to the forest to gather herbs he "dug up roots and plucked off twigs from the forest trees" (111) which symbolizes how Chillingworth was "plucking" the life out of Dimmesdale limb by limb. Also, Hawthorne describes grass as pure and without weeds to kill the grass; however, "when poor Mr. Dimmesdale was thinking of his grave, he questioned with himself whether the grass would ever grow on it, because an accursed thing must there be buried" (131). In addition, weeds symbolize secrecy and the impurity of
Cannabis is one of the world's most commonly used leisure drugs. It's estimated that at least one person in twenty in the U.K. has used cannabis. What is it?
Cannabis CANNABIS is one of the world's most commonly used leisure drugs. It's estimated that at least one person in twenty in the U.K. has used cannabis. what is it? CANNABIS comes from the plant Cannabis Sativa, a relative of the hop plant, used for making beer. It has a leaf made up of 4-8 smaller lance shaped leaves with saw-toothed edges. When smoked, it has a sweet herbal smell. are there different types of cannabis? YES. The main forms of cannabis are: Cannabis resin - dark to light brown substance, scraped off the surface of the plant and pressed into a solid lump. It's often bought in street quantities from a sixteenth to a quarter of an ounce, but regular users may buy greater quantities. It comes from the upper leaves and the small leaves on the stem of the plant. The drug is sometimes taken on its own, but more often it is mixed with tobacco and smoked. Marijuana or Grass - dried leaves and/or flowering tops of the cannabis plant. It looks like dried herbs and is often mixed with stems and seeds; also often mixed with tobacco and smoked. Cannabis oil - a treacly liquid, refined from the resin or less frequently from the plant itself; often thought to be the strongest. It's either smoked by mixing with the tobacco, or smeared on cigarette papers, rolled with ordinary tobacco. what gives cannabis its effect? THE mind altering ingredient is a substance
Managerial ethics - Case Study #1 Shutdown at Eastland
BUS 520a - MANAGERIAL ETHICS Case Study #1 Shutdown at Eastland Submitted by: Aaron Rogers On: October 16, 2004 To: Dr. Gary Barfoot Via: www.turnitin.com Case 1: Shutdown at Eastland Executive Summary Labor lobbyists and union leaders express concern and outrage at Speedy Motor Company's seemingly hasty decision to close down its Eastland, Michigan based auto manufacturing plant. The lobbyists and union leaders point to the Eastland plant shutdown as a reason why there should be Federal laws regulating plant closures. Answers to Questions The closing of a plant when it ceases to be profitable does not violate the "moral minimum" unless: the closure is the result of internal fraudulent action(s), the closure violates or breaks employee contracts, or the closure harms others (the phrase "harm others" is difficult to quantify and is largely subjective...but I am mostly speaking of the financial hardship levied against the employees and the greater community). (Sollars, Lecture 5, 2001). From the information presented in the case, we are not able to tell if conditions number one and two are true or not. We are, however, able to show that condition number three is satisfied, therefore if we apply the question to this case, we can show that the closure of the Eastland plant does violate the "moral minimum" because of the hardship (harm) it causes to its employees
Reproduction, sexual or asexual, is a means of survival of a particular species on the face of a planet. Angiosperms have many ways of reproducing themselves. It is of no surprise that the sex organs of a plant are in their flowers.
Introduction: Reproduction, sexual or asexual, is a means of survival of a particular species on the face of a planet. Angiosperms have many ways of reproducing themselves. It is of no surprise that the sex organs of a plant are in their flowers. Two major organs being: ovary and the anthers. Pollen is found primarily on the anthers, pollen [male gametophyte] is so widespread that we can find it almost everywhere, in the air we breathe, the soil we walk on etc. Physically it looks like a yellow, white or blue powdery substance. Pollen develops within the anther and after attaining maturity falls [by the means of air currents etc] onto the receptive stigma. The stored 'goodies' and RNA kick into action and start the most probably the most rapid growth of any plant cell. A tube known as the pollen tube grows from each pollen grain. This pollen tube grows toward the embryo sac. Eventually two sperm cells are deposited into the embryo sac where they fuse with the egg and form a zygote. Pollen germination is one of the most important processes insuring that a zygote is formed and the plant species continues and does not become extinct. Pollen germination is the stage when the pollen falls on the stigma and start growing the pollen tube. This process is vital since the ovary is located at the very bottom of the anther and is concealed from all 4 sides, making it almost impossible
How plants have adapted or become acclimated to shade.
How plants have adapted or become acclimated to shade. Plants which grow in shady conditions have altered structurally and biochemically in order to cope with the low levels of light and harvest it efficiently. Low level light is rich in far-red light and plants have also adapted to make use of this. Shade plants have also had to make adjustments to cope with sudden high levels of light, for example during sunflecks. Whilst some plants show physiological adaptation, many changes are the result of genetic evolution. * Leaves are thinner with a shallow layer of palisade mesophyll cells and a patchy spongy mesophyll with air spaces (fig 1.). This uses less energy and resources to construct. Many shade plants (such as ferns) do not produce flowers for the same reason. * Shade leaves have more chlorophyll in the antenna systems to feed more energy to the reaction centres. There is also an increase in the number of reaction centres. * Shade light contains more light in the far-red range. The reaction centre of photosystem II (PSII) absorbs more light from the far-red range than photosystem I (PSI); hence there is a greater proportion of PSII to PSI. This is achieved by the presence of wide grana with larger numbers of stacked thylakoids (figure 2.). This enables the photosystems to be excited equally in far-red light. * Plants which grow in shade are often exposed to periods
Biotechnology - Penicillin
What is biotechnology? Biotechnology is the use of technology to construct products or perform tasks through the use of biological systems and organisms.1Through history we have gained more knowledge of how biotechnology is applied and have refined and created new techniques that have benefited different areas, such as agriculture and gene technology. The application of fungal products has been in use for hundreds of years in the production of foods such as cheese and soy products. Penicillium mould (Penicillium chrysogenum2 ) contains the antibiotic substance penicillin, which was successfully isolated in 1945. Since Ancient times, moulds have been used to treat infection. Ernest Duchesne was a physician who discovered through experimentation, that Penicillium glaucum was able to destroy the bacteria, Escherichia coli. In his research, Duchesne was able to cure typhoid by injecting a subject with P.glaucum, which was a remarkable achievement. But being an unknown, young student, Duchesne was not acknowledged with this discovery, and was prevented from continuing more research due to army research.3 Later similar discoveries were to be met with little attention until the 1920s. In 1928, a British bacteriologist Sir Alexander Fleming was studying the effects of Staphylococci, a genus of Gram-positive bacteria. He hypothesised that the mould, Penicillium notatum, was
