Dermatology and Microbiology - The Growth of Nails.
Dermatology and Microbiology a. The Growth of Nails The actual nail is made up of the nail body, nail root and the free edge and the main function of a nail is to protect the ends of your fingers and toes, and to help to grasp and manipulate small objects. Within the actual nail there are more parts that are needed to help in the production of nails, one of these parts is called the MATRIX. The diagram above shows where the matrix is situated inside the nail. The matrix is situated underneath the nail root and extends as far as the lunula. It is the most important part of the nail unit. The matrix is where the most work goes on, as this is where the start the nail develops from. The nail will grow outwards towards the tips of the fingers and toes. The nails will grow when the top layer of cells are transformed into nail cells by keratinisation. The cells within the matrix will be divided up, the upper ones will become thickened and toughened through the keratinisation process. As more cells are produced the old ones are pushed outwards and flattened, they then become transparent and form part of the nail plate. The matrix also determines the shape and thickness of a nail so the longer the matrix is the thicker the nail will be. If however the matrix is damaged it can result in temporary loss of the nail or permanent damage to the nail plate. The cells in
Permanent and Temporary Dipoles
Permanent and Temporary Dipoles Dipoles: * A molecule with a positive end and a negative end * When a molecule has a dipole it is called polarised * There are several ways a molecule can become polarised Permanent Dipoles: * Permanent dipoles occur when a molecule has two atoms bonded together which have substantially different electro negatively, so that one atom attracts the shared electrons much more than the other * Hydrogen chloride has a permanent dipole, because chlorine is much more electronegative than hydrogen, and so attracts the shared electrons more * Molecules with a permanent dipole are called polar molecules Instantaneous Dipoles: * Some molecules do not possess a permanent dipole, because the atoms that are bonded together have the same, or very similar, electro negatively, so that the electrons are evenly shared * Even though the molecule doesn't have a permanent dipole, a temporary, or instantaneous dipole can arise * Left on its own, this dipole only lasts for an instant before the swirling electron cloud changes its position, cancelling pout or even reversing the dipole * However, if there are other molecules nearby, the instantaneous dipole may affect them and produce induced dipoles Induces Dipoles: * If an unpolarised molecule finds itself next to a dipole, the unpolarised molecule may get a dipole induced in it * The dipole attracts or
Enzymatic Ability of Bacteria Experiment
Project 9: Enzymatic Ability of Bacteria ________________ Aim: To determine the metabolic properties of Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. Introduction Metabolic differences are used for the taxonomy of bacteria as bacteria divide asexually, as each bacterial species exhibit metabolic differences on a variety of substrates. A bacteria’s ability to metabolise a substrate depends on the microorganism having the necessary enzymes to metabolise the substrate. It can also be dependant of the microorganism’s ability to transport the substrate into the cell, as some substrates are transported into the cell, then metabolised by intracellular enzymes. Other substrates are metabolised by extracellular enzymes (enzymes are secreted from the cell which break down the substrates to smaller molecules that are transported onto the cell then metabolised further by intracellular enyzmes). Method Three different tests were conducted to investigate the metabolic properties of Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. For full details of the tests conducted and the theory behind them, please refer to Maddox et al (2012) Fermentation Test This test is designed to see the ability of the microorganism to metabolise carbohydrates. E.coli, P.vulgarus, S.aureus and B.subtilis were inoculated in three
AS Chemistry - CourseworkOpen Book Paper 1. There are two types of rubbers, natural and synthetic rubber. Natural rubber is predominantly
AS Chemistry - Coursework Open Book Paper . There are two types of rubbers, natural and synthetic rubber. Natural rubber is predominantly obtained from the Hevea brazilinesis tree, which originates from South America. Natural is obtained as latex, a colloidal dispersion of nanoscale rubber particles in water. C.D Harries showed that natural rubber consists of repeating units, which are joined together in long rings, as shown below. During this reaction the two double bonds are broken in the isoprene and poly(isoprene) forms only 1 double bond in its repeating unit. CH3 H CH3 H H2C CH2 CH2 H2C Isoprene Poly(isoprene) (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) Natural Rubber Synthetic rubber is man made and was first produced by carrying out the polymerisation of dienes (alkenes containing 2 double bonds.) Below is the reaction of a synthetic rubber being polymerised. H H H H H2C CH2 CH2 H2C Butadiene Poly(cis-1,3-butadiene) There are many similarities between natural and synthetic rubber. Firstly it is evident that both contain cis molecules 2 .Discuss how the structures of natural and vulcanised rubber determine their
The role of ATP and NAD / FAD in Respiration.
Tim Grayson The role of ATP and NAD / FAD in Respiration Cellular respiration is the process of oxidizing food molecules, like glucose, to carbon dioxide and water. The energy released is trapped in the form of ATP for use by all the energy-consuming activities of the cell. The process occurs in two phases: * Glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid * The complete oxidation of pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water These processes take place inside the mitochondria. Mitochondria are membrane-enclosed organelles distributed through the cytosol of most eukaryotic cells. Their main function is the conversion of the potential energy of food molecules into ATP. Mitochondria have: * An outer membrane that encloses the entire structure * An inner membrane that encloses a fluid-filled matrix * Between the two is the intermembrane space * The inner membrane is elaborately folded with cristae projecting into the matrix. * A small number (some 5-10) circular molecules of DNA The glycolytic Pathway Glycolysis is the splitting, or lysis of glucose. It is a multi-step process in which a glucose molecule with six carbon atoms is eventually split into two molecules of pyruvate, each with three carbon atoms. Energy from ATP is needed in the first steps, but energy is released in later steps, when it can be used to make ATP. There is a net gain of two ATP
Separations in paper chromatography involve the same principles as those in thin layer chromatography.
Separations in paper chromatography involve the same principles as those in thin layer chromatography. In paper chromatography, like thin layer chromatography, substances are distributed between a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The stationary phase is usually a piece of high quality filter paper. The mobile phase is a developing solution that travels up the stationary phase, carrying the samples with it. Components of the sample will separate on the stationary phase according to how strongly they adsorb to the stationary phase versus how much they dissolve in the mobile phase. In all types of chromatography, the sample is placed on one end of a tube or plate which contains an inert material called a stationary phase, and a solvent, called the mobile phase, flows over it. The fundamental principle of chromatography is the equilibrium that forms when a compound is either dissolved in a mobile phase or absorbed on a stationary phase. The chamber should be saturated with the developing solvent to achieve high resolution. Discussion: When the leaves of green plants are extracted, a complex mixture of components is obtained. The components that are obtained include anthocyanin, chlorophyll a and b, carotenes, and xanthophylls. If you try to extract these components from the green leaves by using water, the extraction is rather ineffective. This is because water is a polar
nasal carriage of s.aureus
Analytical microbiology lab report Name : Apu sarwar Class : analytical and pharmaceutical chemistry Date of practical: 2/10/12 and 9/10/12 and 16/10/12 ________________ Title: Estimation of the prevalence of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in the nasal passages of this class of college students.(three part all together) Objective: This prospective investigation on healthy college student is undertaking to estimate the prevalence of S.aureus nasal carriage and identify the micro organism by using different media and test like gram stain. Introduction: Staphylococci are often found in the human nasal cavity (and on other mucous membranes) as well as on the skin. S. aureus is with some frequency found as normal human flora, Approximately 30% of adults and most children are healthy periodic nasopharyngeal carriers of S. aureus. Staphylococcus aureus (coagulate-positive staphylococci). Staphylococcus aureus is the most pathogenic species and is implicated in a variety of infections. to diagnostic them it is very important to identify this microorganism. there is many way the micro organism can identify. Here different media and staining will apply to identify the organism. Method: for material and method the lab manual was followed. Result : Table 1 : Identification of organisms from the nasal swab in class 1. Identification technique appearance Results
Essay Writing On The Formation Of A.T.P
Essay Writing On The Formation Of A.T.P In the process of respiration there are 38 molecules of ATP, which are formed. This is done by a series of stages, which happen within all living cells. ATP is the short-term energy store of the cell. It is often called the 'energy currency' since it picks up energy from food in respiration and passes it on to power cell processes. The four stages are known as, glycolysis, link reaction, kreb cycle and the electron transport chain. In the process of glycolysis, we are basically splitting up a glucose molecule into a three carbon chained pyruvates molecule, and this takes place within the cytoplasm, furthermore it is the only stage of anaerobic respiration. In the primary stage of thus first part of the whole process the glucose molecule is phosphorylated to make glucose phosphate by having one molecule of ATP transferred into ADP + Pi. The ATP basically lowers the activation energy in order to make the reaction more efficient. The glucose phosphate is further phosphorylated in order to produce fructose bisphosphate, using ATP, again for the same reason as above. At this stage, all the molecules produced are still 6 carbon molecules. Once the fructose bisphosphate has been produced, it then reacts and splits into two separate molecules of
Experiment (polygenic traits), fingerprint patterns will be examined
Introduction In this experiment (polygenic traits), fingerprint patterns will be examined. Using the fingerprint total ridge count (TRC) from the population of male and female students in the biology class you will explore how the traits of TRC illustrate the polygenic inheritance model. The polygenic inheritance model describes the nature of fingerprint ridge patterns. Fingerprint ridge patterns result from environmental influences on the expression of a number of interacting genes. At least seven genes are thought to be involved in finger ridge formation (Penrose, 1969). There are three main types of fingerprint patterns: arches, loops (ulnar/radial), and whorls. It is founded that the average TRC of all ten fingers for males is 145, and for females is 126. Looking at the general population, the fingerprint ridge patterns tend to be: arch, 5.0%; radial loop 5.4%; ulnar loop, 63.5%; and whorl, 26.1%. (Also see, (Bio molecules, cells and genetics, unit handbook: 61BL0020), Polygenic traits: fingerprint ridge count Page: 20-22). Materials and Procedure (See, (Bio molecules, cells and genetics, unit handbook: 61BL0020), Polygenic traits: fingerprint ridge count Page: 22-23). Results Table of class results No. Of students Loops Whorls Arches Total Ridge count Gender Radial Ulnar (TRC)
DNA Damage and Nucleotide Excision Repair. With the frequent occurrence of changes in a cell it is important to have DNA repair mechanisms like NER, to prevent mutations, cancer, and the death of the cell or organism.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid commonly known as DNA is the genetic material found in all living organisms and is responsible for passing hereditary characteristics from one generation to the next. In doing so, it is "constantly subjected to alteration by cellular metabolites and exogenous DNA-damaging agents" (Sancar, Lindsay-Boltz, Ünsal-Kaçmaz, & Linn, 2004). Not only can the process of DNA replication cause frequent chemical changes but also exposure to the following agents can alter the DNA of an organism: ionizing radiation (gamma rays and x-rays), ultraviolet rays, oxygen radicals, chemicals in the environment, and chemotherapy (Mullenders, Stary, & Sarasin, 2001). These agents can have severe affects on an organism's genetic material by covalently or non-covalently modifying the bases of DNA at different positions thus resulting in, base pair mismatches, breaks in the backbone, and cross-links where covalent linkages are formed between bases (Sancar et al. , 2004). For the genetic information within DNA to remain uncorrupted, it is vital that any chemical changes made to the DNA of a cell be repaired in order to continue proper cell function. Not repairing DNA results in mutation, cancer, and the death of the cell or organism (Sancar et al. , 2004). The damage DNA of an organism contains DNA system repairs that stimulate cell responses to deal with numerous DNA damages