This assignment considers physical activity in four different special population groups. Each population group is identified as being 'special' because they have specific physiological and psychological needs that require physical activity to be modified
INTRODUCTION: This assignment considers physical activity in four different special population groups. Each population group is identified as being 'special' because they have specific physiological and psychological needs that require physical activity to be modified and adapted to meet their special needs. The four different populations dealt within this assignment are Children, Over 50's, Pregnant Women and Disabled Persons. In this assignment, I will attempt to identify the techniques adapted specifically for each group and explain why it is beneficial for them. I will then proceed to compare and contrast the different techniques used between the four groups and explain why some techniques may be more suited for a particular group, and why some techniques may be inappropriate. CHILDREN: The first visit made was to a gymnasium course for children in between the ages of 2-4. (Ref. Appendix 1) Children are special because they grow at different rates and at different ages, ".. there are also changes in body proportions that can put limitations on their ability to perform" (Lee, 1993 p. 51) Children need one to one care and special attention. Their bodies are still growing and developing so they have a limit to their capacity to perform certain activities. Their attention span is also short compared to an adult's so activities must be fun and capturing. The session I
Tonus
Tonus to·nus (tns) Body or muscular tone; tonicity n. pl. to·nus·es tonus \To"nus\, n. [L. a sound, tone.] Tonicity, or tone; as, muscular tonus. In class the other day, Mrs. Ingrid mentioned the word tonus, and how it affects the way we work and perform onstage. She said that we have to have energy flowing through our bodies while onstage, so we don't look weak or out of place. Since I've been dancing since the age of two, I've grown up with the ability to perform onstage, showing off my stage presence and dance skills. In the dance classroom, you must always be lifted and full of energy in order to perform correctly. As Mrs. Ingrid said, this is tonus. We are a show choir, and we are known for our ability to perform and sing at the same time. But out group has an even greater challenge, we are known to be the best show choir, mainly because we are a school for the arts. If we went onstage without working as a team, and trying our hardest, I know we'd fail. The only way to achieve our goal is to work hard on the steps, motions, and vocal aspects of this production and do it to the best of our ability. We can't be weak or out of place onstage, we have to use tonus and exaggerate our stage presence. We star our production off, with everyone sitting either on a box or on the risers. I am on a small box by myself. Even though you wouldn't think that tonus
Performance-Enhancing Drugs in SportsDuring the past 40 years the use of performance enhancing substances in athletics has increased at every level. Sports have been played by men and women on artificial testosterone for more than four decades
Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Sports Tammy Torres Western International University COM110 Effective Persuasive Writing Professor Kaid November 21, 2005 Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Sports During the past 40 years the use of performance enhancing substances in athletics has increased at every level. Sports have been played by men and women on artificial testosterone for more than four decades. Every legitimate athletic achievement has been shadowed by a parallel universe of counterfeit Olympic gold medals, testosterone touchdowns, and hormonal home runs. There is so much pressure in the competitive nature of sports that athletes have felt the need to use alternate methods to win. Athletes have chosen synthetic methods to enhance performance as opposed to the traditional methods of hard work such as training, practicing, and conditioning. Many athletes feel more than just the pressure to win. They have constantly felt the pressure from their coaches, agents, and fans. Athletes only have a short period of time in order to make their mark in their career. The time span for most athletes' short lived career is only five to ten years, if they're lucky. During these short lived careers one can face obstacles of injuries, which could make their career even shorter. So looking at it from an athlete's point of view, you would have very little time to accomplish your
What is Ergonomics?
ERGONOMICS HEALTH AND SAFETY INTRODUCTION: What is Ergonomics? Ergonomics is a discipline that involves arranging the environment to fit the person in it. When ergonomics is applied correctly in the work environment, visual and musculoskeletal discomfort and fatigue are reduced significantly. In recent years, CDC's Office of Health and Safety has identified repetitive motion injuries as a factor in employee injuries. These injuries are caused by excessive and repeated physical stress on the musculoskeletal system - the hands, wrists, elbow, shoulders, neck, and back. Following ergonomic principles helps reduce stress and eliminate many potential injuries and disorders associated with the overuse of muscles, bad posture, and repeated tasks. This is accomplished by designing tasks, work spaces, controls, displays, tools, lighting, and equipment to fit the employee's physical capabilities and limitations. TASK1 Val's stress problem is caused by her spending the majority of her work time reading from a VDT, without any regular set breaks and long hours encouraging the problem to the extent of her not being able to sleep properly. After analysing the many factors of ergonomics, below are some products, which could be used by Val to help elevate or even prevent her problems. Keyboard Trays Purpose: To adjust the height and angle of a keyboard in order to fit the person or
Critically evaluate your planned coaching session undertaken with children illustrating your awareness of accepted criteria for evaluating coaching sessions
Critically evaluate your planned coaching session undertaken with children illustrating your awareness of accepted criteria for evaluating coaching sessions Sport can have a very powerful and positive influence on people- especially young people. Not only can it provide opportunities for enjoyment and achievement; it an also develop valuable qualities such as self-esteem, leadership and teamwork. These positive effects can only take place if sport is ran by the right people, the coaches who place the welfare of all young people first and adopt practices that support, protect and empower them. The Concise Oxford Dictionary defines coaching as: "to tutor, train, give hints to, prime with facts" All these aspects apply in coaching but there are different ways in which they can be delivered. It is important that coaches are aware of the different styles which participants can relate to. Coaches should have the ability to adapt their styles to suit the needs of their participants. Naturally people who devote their time to coaching must satisfy their own needs or they cease to it. At the same time there should be recognition of the participants' needs and a desire to meet them. Some coaches do not recognise motives and needs of their participants, and do not put their welfare above everything else, therefore also putting pressure on the participants' to succeed. Coaches may not
Assess and compare the physiological demands of two different team sports. The physiological demands will be measured in terms of Heart rate. The two team sports will be 5 a-side Soccer, and 5 a-side Basketball.
Aim To assess and compare the physiological demands of two different team sports. The physiological demands will be measured in terms of Heart rate. The two team sports will be 5 a-side Soccer, and 5 a-side Basketball. Hypothesis Football will me more physiological demanding over 2 halves then basketball, because more distance is covered by a footballer leading to more somatic stress on the body. Introduction Ten recreationally active university students agreed to take part in this experiment. This study intends to assess the physiological demands of Soccer and Basketball, not just in a general comparison to each other, but takes into account values for each component of each game i.e. first & second halves. The study is multi dimensional in the fact that the physiological demands can be compared not just in general, but can be broken down into each games components (1st & 2nd Halves) This gives an indication to the effects of fatigue and may highlight a difference in intensity between the two games based on mean heart rates over the two halves. Physiological responses to 5 a side soccer game indicate moderate to high intensities, intermittently high anaerobic responses and reduction of muscle glycogen stores towards the end of the game. Reilly T (1995) This study recognised the intensity of 5 a side football, based using a benchmark of muscle glycogen stores, which
For my case study report I have selected Manchester Untied and their joint partnership deal with the New York Yankees that was formed in February of 2001.
For my case study report I have selected Manchester Untied and their joint partnership deal with the New York Yankees that was formed in February of 2001. The deal has been called a strategic alliance between the two sports teams. A statement regarding the partnership stated that the teams would be (?) 'sharing marketing information, developing sponsorship and cross promotional programs, and selling products from all franchises in individual team stores'. This is the first deal of its kind and has been described as 'groundbreaking' and 'revolutionary' by some parts of the media. The main pressure behind this deal is the ever-increasing demand for financial resources within sports teams, as teams try to be as successful as possible they all need to spend money. With the emphasis on succeeding in Europe the main driver for top football teams these days and the development of the Champions League Manchester United now face far more competition than in the past. The Champions League is the premier club competition in the world and with it being restructured it now involves a lot more teams and far more games than before. As a result of this United now have to compare themselves against teams such as Real Madrid and Juventus, whereas before it was mainly against English teams such as Liverpool and Arsenal. This stronger competition now acts as a major pressure on United to keep
Sport Psychology. The athlete to be discussed in this paper found that imagery, feedback, goal setting and confidence played major roles in her overall performance in Sport Aerobics. Sport Aerobics incorporates facets of strength, flexibilty, power, agil
Sport Psychology in Sport Aerobics Sport psychology is concerned with developing psychological skills in order to master the mind and improve physical performance (Cox, 2002). Sport psychology is a multifaceted field of study and therefore, all aspects must be considered for individual athletes. The athlete to be discussed in this paper found that imagery, feedback, goal setting and confidence played major roles in her overall performance in Sport Aerobics. Sport Aerobics incorporates facets of strength, flexibilty, power, agility and dance into a routine that is highly energy intensive. Imagery and feedback are the main factors that affected her performance and will therefore be the concepts explored in this essay. Feedback is information that athletes receive about their performances. There are two main types of feedback: intrinsic and augmented (Williams, J.M., 2006). According to Williams (2006), intrinsic feedback is information received as a natural consequence of moving; it is provided by the athlete's own sensory systems and in many sports in readily apparent after performing a task. Augmented feedback is information received by athletes that is not a natural consequence of executing a skill; it is provided by an external source such as a coach, teacher or video recording (Williams, J.M., 2006). Augmented feedback is provided beyond intrinsic feedback and supplements
Biomechanical Analysis
Biomechanical analysis of factors influencing agility performance Introduction Many sports require participants to change direction quickly and suddenly, in an efficient and accurate manner. This has been previously defined as 'agility' Johnson and Nelson (1969), Barrow and Mcgee (1971), cited in Sheppard and Young (2006). Currently there is no definitive agreed term for agility defined within the literature; the definition "a rapid whole-body movement with a change of velocity or direction in response to a stimulus" as proposed by Sheppard and Young (2006) encompasses all aspects of agility. In this assignment the decision making component in reaction to a stimulus will not be examined. Successful performance of a task requiring 'agility' requires the execution of multiple technical skills combined with physical attributes which can be applied to biomechanical principles. In team sports such as football, players are required to make multiple twists, turns, and cutting manoeuvres during a game. Withers et al. (1982) found that footballers perform an average of 49.9 turns per game each. Hawkins et al. (2001) found that 58% of all lower limb injuries sustained over two seasons were in non-contact situations, and twisting/ turning injuries accounted for a significant proportion of all injuries reported. A more recent study by Woods et al. (2003) found that of all ankle
The aim of this investigation is to determine how reaction time alters when a person is presented with different stimuli and reaction options.
Reaction time to varying stimuli Introduction The aim of this investigation is to determine how reaction time alters when a person is presented with different stimuli and reaction options. Magill (2007) defines Reaction time (RT) as the interval of time between the onset of a signal (stimulus) that indicates the required action and the initiation of the action. Reaction time is the time before movement begins. Astill, S and Utley, A (2008) explain that movement time (MT) is the time taken for the movement, once initiated, to be completed. Magill (2007) states that response time is the total time interval, involving both reaction time and movement time. Astill, S and Utley, A (2008) describe the four functions of the nervous system. ) information is gathered from the outside world and inside the body 2) information is transmitted to the processing area of the brain and spinal cord 3) information is processed to determine the best response 4) information is sent to muscles, glands and organs for them to respond correctly. The CNS and PNS are the two divisions of the nervous system that allow these sensory, integrative and motor functions. Hypothesis I expect reaction time to be fastest when there is only one stimulus as there is less information for the brain to process and analyze. Method Donders (1868 ). Type A Task - In a type A task there is a single