Describe and Critically Evaluate the Policy Process for the following issue in Sports Development; Social Inclusion, focusing on Athletics.
Sports Development Describe and Critically Evaluate the Policy Process for the following issue in Sports Development; Social Inclusion, focusing on Athletics. Sport development is fundamental to sporting success, health status and arguably to the benefit of society as a whole. "PE and sport are a fundamental part of the education of all young people," (DCMS 'A Sporting Future for All' document 2000). Sports development officers fulfil this role. According to Hylton et al (2001), the aim of the sports development officer (SDO) is to plan, implement and monitor equality work within sport. But LeGrand (1991) suggests that, "equality is illusionary, impractical, inappropriate and immoral," (Hylton et al 2001 p38). If this contentious view is portrayed throughout society then 'sport for all' will never truly be achieved. In the realm of sports development, there are four main groupings of individuals dependent upon their abilities and their objectives for participation. This is known as the sports development continuum. Sports Development Continuum: Excellence Performance Participation Foundation For this essay we must also understand what policy processes are. A policy is, 'a response to a crisis.' A social inclusion policy benefits society because the cost to the taxpayer in health service and criminal damage is astronomical, and sport is viewed to reduce
Nutrition. This booklet especially designed for the British Olympic Association will provide nutrition and environmental information prior to the Beijing 2008 Games. Two endurance sports will be used as examples throughout this booklet, Marathon and the
For an athlete there is no greater honour than representing your country in the Olympic Games. The 2008 Games in Beijing, aims to be an exciting Far East experience with the Opening Ceremony on 8th August 2008. www.olmpic.org.uk Not only will the athletes have to worry about the competition on the day of the race but ,will compete also with the hostile weather conditions of the Far East. With temperatures averaging 26 degrees and humidity averaging 90%, these will test the athletes beyond their chosen event. www.ask.com/weather This booklet especially designed for the British Olympic Association will provide nutrition and environmental information prior to the Beijing 2008 Games. Two endurance sports will be used as examples throughout this booklet, Marathon and the road race. A wide range of sources will be used throughout, to offer the best advice for the Great Britain Team for successful Games. For the marathon and road racers it is advisable that they train during the evening where heat and humidity levels, this will minimize solar radiation. Averages for August Average High 29 ºC Average Morning Rel Humidity 90.0% Average Low 21 ºC Average Afternoon Rel Humidity 63.0% Average Mean Temperature 25 ºC Typical Sky Cover Broken Average Dew Point 20 ºC Average Precipitation - Average Windspeed 9.3 kph Average Snowfall - Average
What is the evidence that poor flexibility is a risk factor for sports injury?
Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation What is the evidence that poor flexibility is a risk factor for sports injury? Research into the area of physiological factors and their impact on injury incidence in sports has been considerable. It has become a priority to identify significant risk factors that are causing players and athletes to miss matches and sometimes a large slice of a season. With the increased numbers of games in a season and the increased standard of playing it is essential that an athlete is free from injury so that they can perform at their optimal level all of the time. Studies have been conducted so that the number of injuries can be analysed to show when they are happening, who too in particular and probably the most important why? The results can then be used to assess and ultimately prevent the risk factors and also measure the impact of an intervention programme that will reduce injury. This information can be of particular interest to sports companies who design protection such as shin pads and shoulder pads or to sports fitness instructors who can develop a regime that will rectify their problem. What is flexibility? Flexibility is one of these physiological factors and has been described as the ability of skeletal muscle and tendon to lengthen (Gleim and McHugh 1997). There are two types of flexibility that can be measured for analysis. Static
Mechanisms of PETCO2 and O2 changes during exercise.
Mechanisms of PETCO2 and O2 changes during exercise. End-tidal tensions of oxygen (PETO2) and carbon dioxide (PETCO2) are values that can determine a precise estimate of arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide pressures (PaO2, PaCO2). The method of obtaining these values is done non-invasively by sampling the end of exhalation at the mouth so that the CO2 and O2 measured at the end of a tidal breath reflects alveolar CO2 (LeMura, 2004). PETCO2 is also helpful in determining the adequacy of gas exchange (hypercapnia). The normal resting value of PETO2 is 90mmHg and increases during exercise to allocate the extra work load placed on muscles in the production of energy (Wasserman, 2004). PETO2 has been found to be closely related to PaO2 through changes in VO2 and RER, in young and old patients with normal lung function. When corrections are made for dry or wet gases, the difference seen between PETO2 and PaO2 is very minimal. PETO2 like PETCO2 is helpful as it is easy to measure it also automatically adapts to the actual RER and it allows for the use of an alternative respiratory index entirely based on measured values and not of an assumed RER (Bengtsson, 2001). Normal resting values of PETCO2 are 36-42mmHg and increases by 3-8 mmHg during submaximal exercise, but decreases during heavy, maximal exercise (Babb, 1998). Effects of Disease Though PETCO2 is a good indicator of gas
The Location of Ancient Olympia
Class. Civ - coursework: Combat sports The Olympics were revered throughout the ancient world as the pinnacle of ancient sports and skill. Thousands of people went every year to watch mighty contests between the strongest and most skilled men in the ancient world. These games symbolised the unity of the antique world. The Games promoted unity through cooperation in organising the Games and giving honour and awards to those who won. Athletes did not only gain honour for themselves, they gained it for their city as well, and successful athletes needed the backing of their city to win. The Location of Ancient Olympia The first Olympic games at Olympia were held in 776 BC. According to Hippias of Elis, who compiled a list of Olympic victors c.400 BC, the only event held at the first Olympics was the stadion footrace. Scholars have speculated that the games in 776 BC were not the first games, but rather the first games held after they were organized into festivals held every four years as a result of a peace agreement between the city-states of Elis and Pisa. The Eleans traced the founding of the Olympic games to their King Iphitos, who was told by the Delphic Oracle to plant the olive tree from which the victors' wreaths were cut. The Games always occurred at the height of the summer, after the harvest was eaten so they could then relax in celebration and the Games. In this
Cold Tolerance, Acclimation and Acclimatization and Relevance in Sport
Cold Tolerance, Acclimation and Acclimatization and Relevance in Sport Cold climate and conditions associated with cold weather have been known to have an effect on performance of athletes. Although not as profound as negative effects that accompany heat stress, there are many cold related injuries and illnesses that can affect athletes and their performance. Thus, it is important to identify risk factors that predispose individuals to cold related injuries, and methods that can be used to avoid these injuries all together. Testing on humans in the cold does meet some ethical barriers, making it difficult to test the limit of human capacity in the cold, but a large amount of research has been done on lab rats. We can use this information to draw conclusions on how humans might reach our limit in similar situations, and help guide future studies to identify key physiological processes that will help us better understand our adaptations to cold climate. First, it is important to define key terms and concepts in the human physiological response to cold and how it affects our performance. Secondly, focus will be brought to injuries that are of importance from chronic exposure to varying degrees of cold. Finally, observe various insights from studies that have shed new light on cold tolerance research and reflect on how it will aid future advancements in the field of question.
Coach observation. The activity that will be analysed is Futsal. It is a format of small sided football that is recognised and supported by FIFA and UEFA with World and European Championships for club and National teams.
Sport Coaching 9-502-00L Oliver Sharp 6010990 Sport and Exercise Science Contents . Introduction 2. Literature Review 3. Method 4. Quantitative results 5. Qualitative results 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Appendices Analysis of Observed Coaching Introduction The activity that will be analysed is Futsal. It is a format of small sided football that is recognised and supported by FIFA and UEFA with World and European Championships for club and National teams. It is played between two teams of five players, one of whom is the goalkeeper, and up to seven substitutes per team. The game is played on a hard court surface delimited by lines; walls or boards are not used. Futsal is also played with a smaller ball with less bounce than a normal football. The objective of the game is the same as football; to manoeuvre the ball into the oppositions goal, and the team with the most goals wins. However certain rules create an emphasis on improvisation, creativity and technique as well as ball control and passing in small places. The coach that is going to be observed is a qualified FA Futsal coach who also has FA level 1 and FA level 2 football certificates, an FA child protection certificate and an FA Emergency First Aid certificate. His philosophy is; 'simplicity is genius' but he also has an attacking mentality, as he told me that he doesn't mind if they concede as long
Sports Psychology 3.
Sports Psychology 3 In this assignment I will be looking at the 4 main different types of cognitive control strategies and through a practical investigation I will be looking at key anxiety, stress and arousal effects with reference to appropriate sport and exercise examples. The 4 main types of cognitive control strategies are: > Attention control and concentration > Imagery and visualisation > Personal performance routines > Meditation and progressive muscular relaxation (PMR) In this next section of the assignment I will be looking at each of the above points and in turn spend a paragraph or two on describing what each point means and how in turn they can help to control an athletes nerves or any pre-match un-easiness they may have. Attention control and concentration: This point is all about the sports performer learning how to have control and concentration during a sporting activity by being able to watch and learn from their coach and then being able to re-enact the way to in which the coach would react to a certain situation during their game playing. The coach will play a big part in how their athlete or sports performer will learn the correct ways to react in certain situations. The reason being for this are that the learner (being the sports performer) will always look to their coach for help and advice as they know that the coach has been there and
Research Proposal - how diet and dietary supplements affect muscle growth.
Area of Interest The area of interest that I will look into for designing a research proposal will be how diet and dietary supplements effect muscle growth. I have some experience in trying to increase muscle growth through weight training, and personally believe that there are numerous, influential factors which can affect your training goals. There are many variables to think about when wanting to increase muscle mass or size. These variables could be taken into consideration for pre-training, during training and also post-training. I believe one of the key elements you need to focus on when trying to gain muscle growth is diet; which can be a very vast and complicated topic. There can be many different suggested strategies of dieting and supplementing which can be implemented on achieving your specific goal. Therefore the different types of food and food supplements you consume can have a key influence on whether it aids your training programme and goals, or hinders it. Thalacker (2009) explains that weight training makes you stronger and bigger. However, the result you get from training might vary dramatically from the result of your training partner who is doing the exact same training program. The reasons for these variations might relate to both intrinsic factors such as your genetics and extrinsic factors like your diet. While you do not have any control over your
This assignment considers physical activity in four different special population groups. Each population group is identified as being 'special' because they have specific physiological and psychological needs that require physical activity to be modified
INTRODUCTION: This assignment considers physical activity in four different special population groups. Each population group is identified as being 'special' because they have specific physiological and psychological needs that require physical activity to be modified and adapted to meet their special needs. The four different populations dealt within this assignment are Children, Over 50's, Pregnant Women and Disabled Persons. In this assignment, I will attempt to identify the techniques adapted specifically for each group and explain why it is beneficial for them. I will then proceed to compare and contrast the different techniques used between the four groups and explain why some techniques may be more suited for a particular group, and why some techniques may be inappropriate. CHILDREN: The first visit made was to a gymnasium course for children in between the ages of 2-4. (Ref. Appendix 1) Children are special because they grow at different rates and at different ages, ".. there are also changes in body proportions that can put limitations on their ability to perform" (Lee, 1993 p. 51) Children need one to one care and special attention. Their bodies are still growing and developing so they have a limit to their capacity to perform certain activities. Their attention span is also short compared to an adult's so activities must be fun and capturing. The session I