The US versus the UK in crime fighting efficiency
The US versus the UK in crime fighting efficiency A. Statement of Task I plan to conduct a survey on the capabilities of the police department of the United States in fighting crime. To do this, I will look at numbers, published by the FBI, on incarceration, arrests and crimes committed over a period of sixteen years. To find the efficiency of the police force, I will then calculate the number of crimes that went unsolved, and then the number of cases without an arrested suspect. I will do this by subtracting the number of offenders convicted, and then the number of suspects arrested for the police-recorded offenses of that year. The survey will be conducted in two parts. Part one will focus on the United States, while part two will contrast the US data with data found from a census surveys in the United Kingdom, also published on the FBI website. This comparison is mainly used to contrast US developments in crime with that of the rest of the world. However, collected US data was greater than collected UK data, so the comparison will only existed between the number of crimes remaining unsolved. The crime categories that both countries were calculated for will be: murder, rape, robbery, assault, burglary and motor vehicle theft. To judge whether, over the period of sixteen years, efficiency has improved, the results will be graphed using excel, and the linear
My task is about the statistics of life expectancy in Africa and Europe. My hypothesis is "people in Europe live longer then people in Africa".
Maths Coursework: Planning My task is about the statistics of life expectancy in Africa and Europe. My hypothesis is "people in Europe live longer then people in Africa". Other hypothesis I will add to this is "The higher the GNP the higher life expectancy?". First off I will collect data from the countries in Africa and Europe and decide a suitable sampling percentage and sample these at random. In order to complete the task I will need the life expectancy of people from countries within the respective continents and also the GNP per capita of the countries in the respective continents. All in all I should have over 30 countries so I think this will be enough to get me good results. I will collect the information form population data charity. information so it should be fairly reliable. I would like my data to be to one decimal place but two would I feel to be accurate and inappropriate for this task. With this data I will using standard deviation and graphs to present the data. Working through the task I will use many different types of calculations. In the following segment of my project I will show the different calculations and why I will use them. Mean: the sum of all results divided by the number of results. This gives you a general average but doesn't account for if there is a anomalous result. Mode: The most common result Median: Place the results into numerical
Sociologial methods of research.
* Evaluate the various methods of research available to sociologist. This essay will focus on five of the core methods of research available to sociologists and their advantages and disadvantages as well as briefly look at the practical, theoretical and ethical issues involved in collecting and analyzing data. 'Methods of research are the actual techniques or procedures used to gather and analyse the data related to some research question or hypothesis' (Blaikie, 1993: 23). There are numerous techniques and procedures, which make up the sociological toolbox. It includes surveys, experiments, ethnography and case studies, to name but a few. These are referred to as primary data. Secondary data is also used such as official statistics, historical documents, personal life documents and the mass media. A second way of classifying research methods is 'quantitative' and 'qualitative'. The former produces numerical or statistical data and the later produces data about the personal experience and meanings of people, based on words and observations. According to (Taylor, 1999: 23), it is possible to distinguish several 'families' of sociological research operating with a distinct set of epistemological , ontological and practical foundations. However, they are not always in complete agreement on the foundations of the discipline of sociology as a whole. The ethnographers,
How statistical interpretation can cause data to appear misleading
Twain (Date Unknown, cited in h2g2, 2003; Taflinger, 1996) stated that "there are three ways to not tell the truth: lies, damn lies and statistics", with Wright (Date Unknown, cited in h2g2, 2003) claiming that "47.3% of all statistics are made up on the spot". Through this report the author will be discussing how statistical interpretation can cause data to appear misleading, by covering five main points: these include how data is presented, how data is gathered, the affect that the size of the sample has on the analysis, how samples can have a built in bias, and how a correlation between two variables is not proof that one causes the other. Bonoma (1985, cited in h2g2, 2003) claimed that there are different kinds of data that can be obtained from different sources; by collecting data from a variety of sources in a variety of ways, this provides the researcher with a wider range of coverage of the statistics: resulting in a fuller picture. When collecting the data, two main styles of research can be undertaken: quantitative and qualitative research. Quantitative research refers to the numbers in which would then be analysed to establish whether a correlation between the variables existed. Thus the amount of customers attending two separate gyms would be researched, and the figures would be transferred into a graph to recognise any existing relationship. However,
Graphical Misrepresentation through statistics.
Graphical Misrepresentation In today's high information/data consuming society use of statistics is wide spread. Especially, today's electronic and print media very frequently invoke statistics to create attention grabbing news items. But unfortunately, such frequent use of statistics, have led to misuse of statistics. Nothing accentuates the distortion of data than a visual display of data. Use of graphical representation of statistics produces powerful messages. But it is also leaves the door wide open to distort and manipulate graphs to supporting a particular point or portrays wrong interpretation of the data. In today's business community not a day passes without with a meeting with graphs and other visual aid of data. With powerful graphical tools in common use, it becomes very easy for anyone to produce visual presentation of data, again this opens the door for much abuse. Our class leadership presentation will focus what is graphical misrepresentation, how to detect it and how to create "representing graphics". Graphical misrepresentation falls into to two categories. A) Unintentional misrepresentation. B) Intentional misrepresentation. Unintentional misrepresentation occurs because of oversight or incompetence in the part of the presenter or the creator of the graphical information. And obviously, Intentional misrepresentation occurs with the knowledge of the
Sociology Topic: - The Extended Family.
Sociology Topic: - The Extended Family Aim: - My aim is to carry out my research at my college, to find out how many students live with their extended family. I will be comparing two different age groups. The first age group shall be students of the age group 21 and under and the second age group shall be of 22 and over. Hypothesis: - I predict that the students of the age group 21 and under will be more likely to live with their extended family. Introduction: - My project is a comparative study of two different age groups and the extended family. I will be looking at two different age groups because this way I will be able to compare the results. The age groups will be 21 and under and 22 and over. I chose these two groups because after I had done some research I had found data, which was based around these two age groups. I decided to look at the extended family as I have a clear understanding as to what the extended family is and I am able to find information about this topic. The Extended Family - this is the nuclear family, and more distant relations, e.g. grandparents, aunts, uncles etc. It is generally said that the extended family relationships have declined in importance in the twentieth century, because the social and geographical demands of an industrial society are more fluid. This has meant changing roles for women. From research into this topic I
Should Sociologists make use of official statistics?
Should Sociologists make use of official statistics? Official statistics refer to data already collected by the government and its agencies. Official statistics can be used as a general research tool covering topics ranging from the economy, unemployment, health, education and crime. They enable researchers to understand the dynamics of society as well as charting trends within society. They provide the government and social policy formulators with data, which in turn influence social policy and bring to light areas in society, which need attention. In recent years the Government Statistical Service which was set up in 1941 has co-ordinated the production of government statistics, but the production of large scale statistical data goes back at least to 1801, when the first census was conducted. The question of whether sociologists should make use of official statistics is much debated and often depends on the theoretical standpoint of the sociologist. Sociologists influenced by positivism argue that official statistics should be made more use of as they provide quantitative, empirical and systematic data and can be seen as emulating scientific methods. On the other hand sociologists such as Maxwell-Atkinson, Cicourel influenced by the institutionalist school of thought would argue that statistics are a product of the meanings and taken for granted assumptions of those who
Body Statistics Maths Investigation
Adam Wright Maths Statistics Coursework Body Statistics As we grow up we change - or do we? Boys are different from girls - or are they? Use samples from different age groups for both sexes. Choose two measurable statistics that can be sampled easily and sensitively. You need one statistic you think will be different and one you do not think will be different and use a sample for each. Make a hypothesis. Collecting the data We collected data from those who were both older and younger than us. I was directly involved in data capture of body statistics for two classes of year sevens who had maths simultaneously as us. We chose to survey the whole of the accessible population because of the relatively small size of it. We chose to sample to classes because the amount of data we would collect, about 60 sets, would be about correct. It is large enough to collect in a reasonable amount of time. It is also large enough to be able to discount any obvious discrepancies without the data figure falling below 50. We presented the children with a form which they complete themselves with basic information such as shoe sizes. As a class they collectively took there own pulse rate. Although this may not seem over accurate with children of this age most of the data we received falls within human medical boundaries. Sampling the data · I will take a random
A market researcher gathers primary data for the purpose of solving a concrete problem of marketing research.
A market researcher gathers primary data for the purpose of solving a concrete problem of marketing research. The process of primary data collection is linked to all stages of marketing research and implies significant commitment of time and resources. Secondary data is collected for the goals, different than the goals of the marketing research in question. Such information can be acquired cheap and fast. When the problem in question is defined, researcher than starts collecting the information. The natural urge is to immediately start a survey among the qualified respondent groups. However, this must be not the first, but the last method. It would be logical to gather secondary data on the problem during the first stage of the market research. The most important advantages of secondary information are the time savings and low cost of information collection. There are, of course several problems with secondary data, namely: 1) the data is not 100% relevant; 2) the data is not completely accurate. Secondary data must always be verified. To verify it, we must examine the source, the goal of the publication, and the context of the data. One of the types of primary data that is of interest to marketers is demographic and socioeconomic information about the target market, such as age, education, profession, family status, income and social class. Researchers often compare these
Investigate in to results for Football Games in the top Leagues of England.
Foyzur Rahman 786 Hypothesis Coursework Introduction I have been given the task to investigate in to results for Football Games in the top Leagues of England. The Task is to Analyse Football results from many different views E.G. Goals per League or Home wins compared to Away wins. I have been asked to choose a Hypothesis for the results that I will analyse. After considering at many different Hypothesis (Predictions) for topics like Goals scored in each league, Goals scored by Home and Away team, Home/Away Wins Draw etc I have decided to investigate into Home/Away Wins and Draw I will also investigate into relationships between Goals scored by the Home and Away Teams. To begin my investigation I will have to gather information about results in the 4 leagues that I shall be testing my theory on. To collect this information I have been given sheets with results of matches in each league, the results are from a random dates which happens to be 2nd March 2003 and 13th April 2003. Each of the data sheets have results for the Premiership, Division 1, Division 2 and Division 3. From the sheets of results I have been given I will be able to produce 8 different results. This is how my results add up to let me analyse 8 different sets of data: 2 Premiership sets of data as they are from 2 different