Racial Profiling and Data Collection.
Lori Young (533992) Racial Profiling and Data Collection CJ- 246 Over the last several years, allegations of racial bias in traffic stops have become so common that the practice has been popularly labeled as "DWB" (Driving While Black.) Racial profiling is the practice of targeting or stopping a pedestrian or driver based primarily on their race, rather than any individualized suspicion or crime. Is racial profiling really discrimination or just good police work? I have found that it depends on whom you ask and what definition of "racial profiling" they believe. Yost Zakhary, Public Safety Director of the city of Woodway, Texas believes that racial profiling occurs, but not at the rate many claim. Zakhary, a native of India, says the percentages show blacks commit more crimes. Any violation of the traffic code is a legitimate reason for pulling a driver over, Zakhary says. He also mentions the United States Bureau of Justice Statistics that found that blacks comprised 12% of the American population and 50% of the prison population. He states that statistics show blacks are eight times more likely than non-blacks to commit a crime. "Unfortunately, Zakhary states, in racial profiling if blacks are more likely to commit crimes than whites, innocent blacks are more likely than innocent whites to have encounters with police. He gives the example of a description of a
HND business decision making
INTRODUCTION Surrey County Council is considering the refurbishment and re-opening of the Spectrum leisure centre in Guildford. They wish to improve the facilities and services they offer with the customer in focus. Spectrum leisure centre will be improved in various places based on customer and public opinion. The needs of potential and existing customers are at the foremost of the refurbishment project. The basis of this report is that Surrey County Council need primary and secondary research to be conducted on various aspects of the project. Customer and public opinion of the centre is needed to judge what areas are in most need of improvement. The work will be carried out by local builders and building contractors. Research will be needed to find appropriate ones for this project. The aim of this report is to ensure the Spectrum Leisure Centre is number one in its market and ensures that it is ahead of its competition and ready for the future. This report will consist of procedures, findings and conclusions. TERMS OF REFERENCE This report is for the attention of Surrey County Council. The report is about the planned refurbishment of the Spectrum leisure centre situated in Guildford. The report will be presented to the Spectrum Committee on 18th January 2007. Surrey County Council requires research about the customers of the Spectrum leisure centre before
Dress code study. The method of random sampling in this investigation was cluster sampling. The population of our investigation was all ABC University female students. Since all ABC University female students stay in block 1, we took 20 students from thr
TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENT PAGE Introduction 2 Investigation 1: Number of summons received by female student of ABC University The Centre of a Distribution 5 The Variability (Spread) of a Distribution 7 Conclusion 11 Investigation 2: Restrictions that female ABC University students wish to abolish 12 Restriction 1: Short Shirt (does not cover bottom) 13 Restriction 2: Sleeves of shirt do not reach wrists 20 Restriction 3: Too tight pants 27 Restriction 4: Pants shorter than ankle length 34 Investigation 3: Number of restrictions that ABC University female students wish to abolish The Centre of a Distribution 42 The Variability (Spread) of a Distribution 45 Conclusion 47 Overall Conclusion 48 Introduction Certain attire restrictions are imposed on students of ABC University. Students who fail to abide the regulations will receive summonses from the security guards at ABC UNIVERSITY. Some students complain about the restrictions as they claim that the restrictions imposed are not reasonable. On the contrary, the authorities insist on upholding the rules as they intend to promote professionalism among the students. Therefore, it is the intention of our group to find out the number
Compare and contrast qualitative and quantitative approaches to research methodology.
Title: Compare and contrast qualitative and quantitative approaches to research methodology. It is within human nature and instinct to be aware and to seek an understanding of the natural occurrences within our environment. Therefore it can be said, in order to attain the understanding of the unknown, we must go through specific processes of experiences, reasoning and research (Mouly, 1978 cited in Cohen, L and Manion J, 2000). This brings to light the importance of research within our daily existence, where research is not just looked upon as a practical exercise, more however as an abstract tool with a view to perceive and understand the world in which we live in and how we interpret the knowledge but most importantly how we analyse the purpose of understanding. As 'To understand is hard. Once one understands, action is easy.' (San Yat Sen, cited in Cohen, L and Manion J, 2000) The purpose of research can be seen upon as to explore the information within our environment and consider their viability and effectiveness and whether these can add value for learners to the whole experience. Research Methodologies engage in methods of investigation and sampling techniques, researchers mainly use two types of research to obtain their information, firstly Primary data; this is where information is collected independently, Primary sources refer to specific materials
Non-Response Bias
NONRESPONSE BIAS When a survey is conducted, the researcher wants the sample to represent with 100% accuracy the population from which it was chosen. Unfortunately, this never happens because there are many uncontrolled variables in the world that influence the sample and lead to biases. Researchers' greatest concerns are related to nonresponse rates and the biases that come with them. When sampling inanimate objects like, medical records of persons, the researcher will receive 100% response rate. However, this hardly ever is the case when sample surveys involve human respondents .Nonresponse bias arises when the sample units that the researcher failed to measure, differ from the units that were actually measured in that particular sample. By definition the bias arises from sampled units that do not respond. Nonresponse may occur because respondents are not at home at the time of the survey or because the questionnaires never reach their residence. Some people may be unable to respond because they are too ill, uneducated or do not speak the same language as the researcher. There are also those who relentlessly refuse to take part in surveys. Nonresponse is classified into unit and item nonresponse. Unit nonresponse appears when the sampling units in the selected sample do not participate in the survey. Item nonresponse arises when for some units who agree to participate
The purpose of this paper is to look at the value of utilizing job analyses/competencies in the workplace.
Competency Modeling Abstract The purpose of this paper is to look at the value of utilizing job analyses/competencies in the workplace. "Competencies are the knowledge (bodies of information, such as engineering), skills (such as problem solving), abilities (capacities to perform), personal characteristics (such as decisiveness) and other person-based factors that help distinguish superior performance from average performance under specified circumstances." Competencies serve as the descriptive statistics when analyzing our data. An example is also shown along with some actual charts outlining the results of a job analysis/competency (SHRM, 2004). "Descriptive statistics refers to a group of techniques that allows us to characterize information about a collection of things in (comparatively) simpler statements." For the purpose of this paper, competencies are our descriptive statistics. Competencies are also known as the duties, tasks and knowledge required to perform a particular position. Competencies are also useful when writing job descriptions, developing a selection process, and when determining necessary training for associates. In addition, competencies can be used in the appraisal process to provide a qualitative assessment. Competencies look to the future, rather than scoring an employee on past results (Pritchard, 2004). To begin the process of
CRITICALLY EVALUATE THE PROPOSITION THAT, 'DUE TO THE GROWTH OF THE MODERN WOMENS MOVEMENT THERE HAS BEEN AN INCREASE IN FEMALE OFFENDING SINCE THE EARLY 1970S'
UNIVERSITY OF SUNDERLAND SCHOOL OF HEALYH, NATURAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES CRI201: ISSUES IN CRIMINOLOGY MODULE LEADER: NICOLA GROVES ASSIGNMENT 2: ESSAY CRITICALLY EVALUATE THE PROPOSITION THAT, 'DUE TO THE GROWTH OF THE MODERN WOMENS MOVEMENT THERE HAS BEEN AN INCREASE IN FEMALE OFFENDING SINCE THE EARLY 1970S' STUDENT: JENNIFER GARTLAND ID: 032805136 This essay will consider whether there has been a growth in female crime since the early 1970s and whether this is linked to the growth in the modern women's movement. In order to do this I will highlight the links that have been made between an increase in female crime and the women's movement such as the decrease in chivalry, and an increase in 'maleness'. I will also draw attention to the possibility that these links could also be caused by the way crime statistics are put together, for example arrest rates, and that all crime is rising not just female, and that we need to look at specific crimes rather than crimes in general. The essay will consider patterns of female crime over history looking at the work of Feeley and Little (1991) who argue that female crime was on par with male crime 150 years ago and has been in steady decline since and that this is due to the shift in female roles within society. It has been proposed that there has been an increase in female criminality and that this increase is linked
Practical 3 on SPSS
Practical 3 The 30 female patients who attended the clinic for their measurements. Case Processing Summary Cases Valid Missing Total N Percent N Percent N Percent Normal Sleep * Anxiety levels 25 83.3% 5 6.7% 30 00.0% Normal Sleep * Anxiety levels Crosstabulation Anxiety levels Total none mild moderate severe Normal Sleep yes Count 2 0 0 3 % within Normal Sleep 33.3% 66.7% .0% .0% 00.0% % within Anxiety levels 50.0% 3.3% .0% .0% 2.0% % of Total 4.0% 8.0% .0% .0% 2.0% no Count 3 7 22 % within Normal Sleep 4.5% 59.1% 31.8% 4.5% 00.0% % within Anxiety levels 50.0% 86.7% 00.0% 00.0% 88.0% % of Total 4.0% 52.0% 28.0% 4.0% 88.0% Total Count 2 5 7 25 % within Normal Sleep 8.0% 60.0% 28.0% 4.0% 00.0% % within Anxiety levels 00.0% 00.0% 00.0% 00.0% 00.0% % of Total 8.0% 60.0% 28.0% 4.0% 00.0% Looking at the cross tabulation, it shows that 12% of patients in anxiety level group have slept normally. The patients with no anxiety levels had 4% and the patients with mild anxiety had 8% and there were no moderate and severe anxiety levels The probability that a patient will have moderate anxiety levels are 7/25. Having 25 female patients who are and are not sleep normally. Looking at the clustered barchart, i can see that there are approximately 12.5 patients with mild anxiety levels who
Planning For my method of research into families I have decided to choose a questionnaire
Methodology For my method of research into families I have decided to choose a questionnaire. There are many advantages to this method, such as: * Cheap, quick efficient way of getting large amounts of information from large numbers of people for you and for the people you are giving it to. * They produce accurate results. * They are confidential. * They produce quantative data, which will in turn measure the strength of a connection between different factors, comparisons and differenced between different respondents. There are also a few disadvantages to this method which include: * Those who reply may not be typical to the population therefore you can't generalise. * The response rate is difficult to tell Questionnaires produce quantative which is useful in my method of research as then I can compare the respondents results to therefore I can come to a conclusion to whether females do the majority of household and childcare tasks. However I cannot generalise, as I would have to observe the whole country then. I will use both open and closed questions to get different types of information such as qualitative and quantative data. I will be using quantative data to make comparisons by the statistics which are produce from this type of data. Furthermore, I will be using qualitative data, as well as to get explanations and reasons. However, I will be using mostly
Epidemiology, Mortality and Morbidity
EPIDEMIOLOGY ASSIGNMENT 2 VICTORIA PRESTON WHAT IS EPIDEMIOLOGY? Many definitions of epidemiology exist. Most are along the line of the following, which is commonly used. Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of disease in human populations (Barker and Rose 1984) Epidemiology is the study of distribution and causes of disease and injuries in human population. The way this information is collaborated is through Standardised mortality rates (SMR). The SMR makes a comparison between Mortality in a designated group and a standard population (normally England and Wales). The SMR involves calculating the number of deaths which we would expect within a certain district i.e. Middlesbrough, Stockton and Langbaurgh. The observed number of deaths is then divided by the expected number to calculate the SMR. A SMR of less than 100 indicated mortality better than the reference population, while a SMR of over 100 indicates a worse mortality. WHAT IS A MORTALITY RATE? A mortality rate is the number of deaths that occur in a particular population in a specified period of time (www.elissetche.org) Information about the number and causes of deaths is available for the UK from the 19th century onwards. The registration of a death is compulsory and a doctor is required to certify the death. Death