Computational Linguistics.
Computational Linguistics Brian Junker Computational linguistics is a highly advanced and up-to-date profession. The occupation, around for nearly sixty years, has focused on many things, including machine translation and other types of natural language computer processing. Today, computational linguists pilot forward new technologies, allowing humans to more effectively communicate with machines as well as other people. Straight out of high school, linguists must begin on an extremely rigorous academic preparation. A four-year Bachelor of the Arts degree in college and a Ph. D. in graduate school are essential. The job serves as a bridge between the typically academic career of a linguist and that of a computer scientist. The combination yields high salaries, interesting workplaces and a bright future. In 1946, first endeavors were made at using computers to process human speech. During the cold war, when there was much tension between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, each country wanted to find a quick, non-man-requiring way to translate one language to the other (Baucher). Computers seemed a viable tool; however, when these machine translation systems became active, their performance was far under the expectation. Thus, computational linguistics, the science of perfecting these and other natural language processing systems, was born (Ball).
RFID and GPS in Business
SECTION A: TO BE COMPLETED BY STUDENT * This assignment cover sheet needs to be included with each assignment. Please complete all details clearly. * If you are submitting your assignment on paper, please staple this sheet to the front of each assignment. * If you are submitting your assignment online, please ensure this cover sheet is included in front your assignment. * Please check your study guide for assignment submission deadline and information. Family Name DOAN Given Names THAI BAO NGOC (GEM) Program/Intake & your program manager DIP13B/ INTAKE 13/ SANDY CHOW Student No. DIPBA1321 Module/Course/Unit DIP13B/ BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEM Lecturer MR. SHIREESH KUMAR Assignment No. Assignment Due Date 8th of January 2010 DECLARATION: I hereby declare that the attached assignment is my own work. I understand that if I am suspected of plagiarism or another form of cheating, my work will be referred to the Academic Review Committee/Registrar, which may result in me being expelled from the program. Signature Submission Date 8th of January 2010 TECHNOLOGY IN BUSINESS Advantages, Disadvantages and Implementation of RFID and GPS in Business NAME: DOAN THAI BAO NGOC (GEM) CLASS: DIP BA/INTAKE 13TH SUBJECT: BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEM LECTURER: MR. SHIREESH KUMAR For business environment, high technologic products are the most powerful weapon to
How do people contribute to the catastrophic breakdown of complex automated technologies?
How do people contribute to the catastrophic breakdown of complex automated technologies? As scientific knowledge progresses and technological advances are made, greater dependence is placed upon automated systems and their complexities are, necessarily, increased. Whilst the systems themselves may be rigorously tested to ensure they operate correctly, errors can enter the system via the weak link in the chain - the human designers and operators. Unlike the machines that they operate, humans are not very good at doing the same task for a prolonged period, or at doing two things at once, and their performance becomes impaired if asked to do so, e.g. Casali & Wierewith 1984. Human errors therefore become almost an inevitability in a complex system and this has lead to much research into the causal factors behind errors and new ways of implementation to minimise their occurrence. Reason (1990) distinguishes between two types of error; latent errors, problems caused by poor design or implementation at a high level which may not be immediately apparent, and active errors, errors caused by front line operators which are often inherited from latent errors, although the consequences here are usually seen on site and are more immediately apparent. Latent errors are the more serious category for complex automated systems as they may not be apparent at the initial onset of system
During this trip, and whilst we were recording data, there were problems which were encountered amongst methods, results and therefore the conclusions. The first one we came across was the longshore drift survey part.
Niral Patel 10D 2/12/04 Evaluation: During this trip, and whilst we were recording data, there were problems which were encountered amongst methods, results and therefore the conclusions. The first one we came across was the longshore drift survey part. The cork that was thrown into the sea was lost (poor methodology); therefore the results for this section were inaccurate as the direction/speed of the cork was not known with certainty making the results inaccurate. Because of this, the conclusion would have to be questioned as we are not able to draw a firm or accurate conclusion about the survey on longshore drift. A poor method was when we only received one cork and we were asked to record longshore drift data at two locations. This meant that only one of the two locations would be used, meaning that the results were not accurate overall making the conclusion questionable again for the longshore drift survey section. With the groyne measurements, the most accurate data available was not obtained due to safety reasons, because it would not be safe to climb onto a slippery groyne and take measurements, therefore the most accurate estimates of the groyne measurements were recorded. This was the fault in the method leading to inaccurate results as they were largely based on accurate as
Applied sociological research skills
Applied sociological research skills Key terms Objectivity - A lack of bias, preconceptions or prejudice. Lack of bias = keeping your opinions and your values separate from what you're studying and try to look at the issue as scientifically as possible. (related to value freedom) Value freedom - Where the research of a sociologist ought to be carried without their beliefs and ideas influencing the project. (see also positivism) Ethical issues - Issues which have a moral dimension, such as the debates over euthanasia and abortion. It goes against the mores, norms and values of society as people see it as not the right thing. In research we need to be sensitive aware of peoples morals and values. Positivism - A view where phenomena should be studied in a scientific manner. To find out things for certain. Case study - strengths and weaknesses - A detailed in-depth study of a group or event. - Weakness - it is not representative of others which are similar to it - Strength - it is good to use as a hypothesis, an untested theory, for research that you may plan to do in the future. Methodological pluralism - Sampling methods / Sampling frame - strengths and weaknesses - A sampling method is how you plan to choose a sample from a population. The aim usually being to get a sample which is representative of the population. For example random sampling,
Assess the relevance of metaphors to Human - Computer interaction from the perspective of the design
Assess the relevance of metaphors to Human - Computer interaction from the perspective of the design System metaphors appear to be attracting more and more attention and you often hear the term banded about in journals and conference proceedings. The aim of this essay is to examine the potential usefulness of metaphors to the users and designers of systems, concentrating, in particular, on the human-computer interface. It will hopefully be established whether system metaphors are phenomena worthy of serious thought or whether it is simply an empty term with no more than intuitive appeal which will be passed over and forgotten with time. The basic idea behind a metaphor is to understand a new concept in terms of one which is already familiar and understood. A well known metaphor is that of Rutherford's comparison of the hydrogen atom to the solar system. Lakoff and Johnson (1980) see language to be structured metaphorically and claim that this reflects the structure of thought processes in general: Metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action (Lakoff & Johnson 1980, p3) Many teachers have used metaphor and analogy to facilitate their pupils learning and indeed analogy seems to be a central aspect of learning. Metaphors can be distinguished from models by the partial nature of the correspondence between the old and new concept.
HCI (human-computer interaction).
HCI (human-computer interaction) Human-computer interaction is a field concerned with the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use. It is a field concerned with many disciplines including computer graphics, the system part of computer science, operating systems, ergonomics, psychology, sociology and anthropology (interactions between technology, work, and organisation) and industrial design (interactive products). There are several physical and psychological factors that can boost the effectiveness of human-computer interaction. For effective interaction, comfort for the human is essential. Furniture should be comfortable and adjustable as poorly designed chairs are responsible for back trouble. Lighting should be the appropriate intensity as well as being positioned appropriately to avoid casting shadows. Computer screens should be positioned away from light sources such as windows to avoid glare, and windows should have blinds to control the brightness of the room. Psychological factors play a big role in human-computer interaction. Information is transported through the sense - Vision, hearing, touch, and movement. The eye is less sensitive to blue than red or green light. There are much fewer shades of blue that the eye can distinguish between than red or green. Thus, important information should not be displayed in
Features of Quantitative Research.
Features of Quantitative Research According to Coolican (1990), quantification can be defined as the process of measuring on some numerical basis. Quantitative research tends to be numerical or categorical. This type of research aims to make predictions, establish facts and test hypothesis that have already been stated, that is, aims to find evidence which supports or does not support on existing hypothesis. Quantitative research normally involves large numbers of respondents, typically a hundred or more, and obtains results that are representative of the total population. Therefore, it is a form of research method that is considerably appropriate for generalization of descriptions. There are several main types of approaches to quantitative research (show as following) and these techniques are widely used in many substantive fields to study and explain individual differences and patterns of relationships among variables. > Correlational research aims to find out whether there is a relationship between two or more variables (Gay & Airasian, 1999). In any case, if a relationship is found, then its degree is identified by a number between -1.00 and +1.00 and this number is known as a correlation coefficient. For instance, when one variable increases and the other also increases, then the correlation in this case would be positive. On the other hand, if a correlation is
Was the scientific revolution primarily one concerned with the solar system?
R. Jefferys November 2002 Was the scientific revolution primarily one concerned with the solar system? In the early modern period, scientific advancements paved the way for the findings, which we now take for granted, but back then were originally seen as a far more abstract concept. This was largely due to the work of men such as Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642), Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 - 1543), Johannes Kepler (1571 - 1630), Tycho Brahe (1564 - 1601) and Ismael Boulliau (1605 - 1694) as well as others. Their work meant that whether it was believed or not originally, there was some sense of a revolution in the sciences giving us a greater understanding of the world in which we live. However the scientific revolution, which took place during the early modern period also signals something that has a far greater historical impact on the time. Whilst many may have predominantly looked skywards for answers to their questions, the revolution marked a new direction in renaissance thinking much closer to the ground. Whether it was the discoveries and new theories of the cosmos proposed by Copernicus or Galileo, or whether it was Gilbert's work on the magnet or even Bacon's work on learning, what came out of the scientific revolution was that the sciences rather than being their own separate entity were rather more inter-linked than originally thought. Therefore the scientific
Hybrid electoral systems the Additional Member System (AMS).
Hybrid electoral systems The Additional Member System (AMS) Introduction Proportional representation is not a voting system but a general term covering a number of systems which deliver seats to a party in proportion to the number of votes it receives. The Additional Member System usually comes under the umbrella of proportional representation as it partly uses a variation of the party list system. The system is really a hybrid of two voting systems which combine to give a proportional result. The Additional Member System was created by the Allies as an electoral system for post-Nazi Germany and was intended to provide stable government. It is a hybrid of the FPTP system and the Party List system. The operation of the AMS system Two key points which characterise the system: . Each voter casts two votes at the same time - one for a constituency MP and the other for a party. 2. There are two different types of MPs elected - constituency MPs and the 'additional members' (those elected using the party lists). The voter casts one vote for a constituency MP. This process is identical to the FPTP system as it operates on a simple majority basis. The candidate with the most votes wins, even if they poll fewer than half of the vote. The second vote is cast for a party; and the voter may wish to vote for a party different from the one supported in
