Alheimer's disease a Research paper.
ALHEIMER'S DISEASE
A Research paper
Presented to
The Faculty of the High School Department
St. James College of Quezon City
By
Ramil Ramirez
February 2004
St. James College of Quezon City
APPROVAL SHEET
In partial fulfillment of the requirements of Elective English III (Research Techniques), this research paper entitled ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, has been prepared by RAMIL RAMIREZ, who is hereby recommended for oral examination.
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Date Adviser
Approved as partial fulfillment of the requirements for Elective English III (Research Techniques) by the Committee of oral Examiners.
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Chairman
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Member
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Member
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Member
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Date
Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for Elective English III (Research Techniques).
__________________ ____________________
Date Principal
St. James College of Q.C.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Approval Sheet...................................................... i
Table of Contents................................................... ii
Acknowledgment................................................... iii
Dedication............................................................ iv
Chapter I
Introduction.......................................................... 1
A. Background of the Study....................................... 1
B. Scope and limitations........................................... 2
C. Objectives......................................................... 2
D. Relevance of the Study......................................... 3
E. Definition of Terms............................................. 5
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author wishes to acknowledge with the profound gratitude to his mother for the help and time she gave in doing this research, his father who was always there to support and ask if there were any problems. Sincere thanks is given to many friends for the inspiration and encouragement that she needed, the undying support and guidance by his friend Denice Van Del Rosario, Mariel Dela Cruz and above all, utmost debt is due to the LORD GOD for all, the strength, guidance, help and will power that HE showered unto me while doing and finishing this research work.
DEDICATION
This research work is lovingly dedicated to the Filipinos who inspired the author, his parents who gave their time in supporting the researcher, his friends who gave the encouragement and most of all, this is dedicated to the person who gave everything. The spiritual life, strength, will power and guidance of creator of all humans our dear "LORD."
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Alzheimer's disease is known as mental deterioration and total incapacitation of the mind. It is known that almost all American people have this disease. Relatives of these persons neglect them and give no importance to their living. Hence, there are still some people ask what is the main cause of Alzheimer's Disease, its signs and symptoms and the way how to develop the well being of the person.
With this kind of problem the author find in himself the interest that is needed to support and guide other people that such a disease occur.
Problem: What is the real cause of the disease, the signs and symptoms that occur in patients and how to improve patient's well being?
Hypothesis: Alzheimer's disease is known to exist by mutation. Loss of memory, reasoning and hyperactivity are some of its signs and symptoms.
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
The author limits his studies on:
1. The cause of Alzheimer's disease
2. The biochemical changes that occur in Alzheimer's disease patients
3. The sign and symptoms
4. Some useful ways to maintain and improve patients well being
5. The ratio of Americans affected by the disease
6. The pharmacotherapy in Alzheimer's disease
OBJECTIVES
The author finds an interesting in choosing this topic because he wants to:
a. Awake the Filipinos and government that Alzheimer's disease and it will be dreadful to our country.
b. Awake the interest of the doctors as well as researchers to find some ways or medicines to prevent or stop the disease.
c. Interest the doctor's to find the real cause of this disease and to find out whether it is a gene factor or nor.
RELEVANCE OF THE STUDY
In the present study of our country as well as the past situations the Philippines is dealt with so many problems. A problem in the environment, which until now not yet given a solution. Another problem which our country faces is the political problem that gives us burden in bringing up our economy, economical problem is the main and major problem of our country today specially all the disasters an catastrophes that had happened and is happening now. The Filipinos knew that our country has different institutions that will help the government solve the problems which we are dealing with, such institutions are UNICEF* which is an institution for children, the FAD* which gives us information about agriculture and PMHA* which gives us information regarding mental health, mental retardation and organic brain syndrome. These institutions help the government in up bringing our economy and help people gain information's regarding different ailments.
Philippines is known it's abundant natural resources but all of these have not given us the opportunity to raise our economy. Maybe because the way our government runs or maybe it is the people who do nothing. That is the question? with so many problems and disasters which our country faces the author wants to awake the interest of the Filipinos in being a good citizen of our country, in order to solve those problems that we are facing and from there we will be ready for the new obstacles and disasters that will happen to us. and because we are strong and we have the so called unity we can withstand any problem or catastrophes that will happen again.
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
Alzheimer's Disease - characterized by gradual loss of memory, confusion, loss of reasoning, total incapacitation, brain degeneration and death.
Autopsy - an examination of a dead body to find the cause of death.
Dementia - is a lingering disease; it can be progressive, remain static or fluctuate.
Diagnosis - the act of fact or deciding the nature of a disease by examination or observation.
EEG (electroencephalogram) - tracing the brain waves made by an electroencephalograph.
Neurons - nerve cell body and all its processes.
Postmortem - analysis or relating to an event.
Senile Dementia - an irreversible mental deterioration and memory loss that is almost accompanied by numerous other difficulties in ...
This is a preview of the whole essay
Autopsy - an examination of a dead body to find the cause of death.
Dementia - is a lingering disease; it can be progressive, remain static or fluctuate.
Diagnosis - the act of fact or deciding the nature of a disease by examination or observation.
EEG (electroencephalogram) - tracing the brain waves made by an electroencephalograph.
Neurons - nerve cell body and all its processes.
Postmortem - analysis or relating to an event.
Senile Dementia - an irreversible mental deterioration and memory loss that is almost accompanied by numerous other difficulties in mental function.
Senility - is a pattern of progressive deterioration thought and behavior related to irreversible brain damage.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE
Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 7th edition, edited by Lewis P. Rowland.
This book gives us with the information regarding Alzheimer's disease. This textbook mainly deals with the diseases of the brain and nervous system. on page 508, having the title Ataxias and dementia which was contributed by Robert Katzmen gives us a bird's eye view regarding the disease.
New and Completed Medical and health Encyclopedia authored by Richard J. Wagman.
On this book, chapter 1 deals with definitions especially presenile which is known as Alzheimer's disease. It also give us diagnosis in the disease.
Correlative Neuroanatomy and Functional Neurology, by Chusid
Discusses some characteristics of the disease and some changes that occur in the brain.
World book Medical Encyclopedia, 2nd edition.
All about definitions regarding health and diseases.
Britanica and Lexicon Encyclopedia under letter A
Gives information regarding Alzheimer's disease.
Science journal, Vol. 3 p. 2.
In this journal discusses how to develop or improve patient's well being
Organic Mental Disorders
This book gives us information regarding different disease and example of how to care patients and treat them, in this book it also gives us information on what to do with the patients and some Pharmacotherapy are also given.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
The method used by the author in this research work is the description type of method. At first, the researcher was confused on what method to use. But the, when the author finished reading all data's and gather them. He then came up with a method which is descriptive type of methodology. The researcher thinks that in order for the readers to understand this topic easily he used this method. And because it is based on facts and not by the knowledge of anybody we can have an analyzation regarding the research work
CHAPTER IV
(PRESENTATION OF FINDINS AND INTERPRETATION)
HISTORY
Fist described in 1906 by a German neuropathology's Alois Alzheimer. Alzheimer's disease is though to occur in about the ratio of 1 case of senile dementia.
For many years, the term Alzheimer's disease was limited to the description of cases with an onset in the presenism, that is, before the age of 65. Clinical pathologic, ultra-structural, and biochemical analyses indicate that Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia a single process; there is now a consensus to consider a single disease.
The occurrence of the disease is indicated in the brain by the growth of so called neurotic plaque, constituting of degenerating nerve terminals and other materials and by the appearance of fibrous structures, called the neurofibrillary tangle within nerve cells. Thus, for such changes are observable only through autopsy, but emission tomography may yet become a diagnostic tool. One cause of the growth of a decline in the brain production of acetylcholine or important neurotransmitter. Disease brains also metabolize glucose at diminished levels, particularly in the cortex's posterior parital lobe, and abnormally high levels of aluminum and silicon occur in disease region.
DEFINITION
Alzheimer's disease
It is a condition affecting the brain, resulting in a rapid and severe deterioration of mental capacities. A brain disorder which affect both memory and reasoning abilities. Victims of Alzheimer's disease, which is a form of acute dementia, or mental deterioration, undergo various changes. These include ability to concentrate, anxiety, irritability, agitation, withdrawal and petulance that keep them or less their way. They may have temper tantrums and engage in obsess ional behavior such as repeatedly washing dishes. This disorder is characterized by progressive dementia and dysphasia. It is degenerative brain disease characterized by death of nerve cells in the convulsion of frontal and temporal lobes of the cerebrum. This disease is the major cause of presenile dementia (dementia not associated with advanced age) and is also the largest single cause of senile dementia and irreversible mental deterioration and memory loss that I almost always accompanied by numerous other difficulties in mental function. Among its effects are speech disturbances, severe short term memory loss and disorientation leading to progressive loss of mental faculties. It is a neurological disorder of the brain. Once thought rare, because it was believed to be associated with the relatively rare case of presenile dementia, which strikes persons in their 40's and 50's, it is now considered that largest single cause of senile dementia.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Alzheimer's disease presents as progressive dementia with increasing loss memory, intellectual function, and disturbances in speech. In the initial stages, there is a slight dulling of intellectual faculties. Thought process is slowed, ability to perform in the social and economic spheres is impaired and memory is defective. Disturbance of speech functions is a common early symptom. To these may be added various apraxia and various types of agnosias.
If the patient has into deterioration, he or she may become depressed, and depression is seen in about 25% of the patients. Agitation and restlessness are also common. Motor signs are common early in the course, but as the disease progresses, reflex changes may be noted and a slow, shuffling gait develops. Myoclonus and convulsive seizures occur in some patients late in the course. The clinical picture in the terminal stages is strikingly consistent. Intellectual activity cease and the patient become meek and are reduced to a vegetative condition. Generalized weakness and contradictions may develop in the terminal stages. Control of bowel and bladder function is lost. Commonly, the first clue maybe demonstration of unusual unreasonableness and impairment of judgment. The patient can no longer grasp the content of the situation at hand and reacts inappropriately. Memory gradually fades and recent events are no longer remembers, but events that occurred early in life can be recalled. The patient may wander aimlessly or get loss in his own house. There is progressive deterioration of physical progression of the process, and the patient becomes confined to bed at quite helpless.
This person may also be anxious, active, aggressive and impulsive delusions, hallucinations and confabulation may be observed. Memory impairment is usually severe room locations on the ward and has to be led to these areas.
CHARACTERISTICS
Postmortem brain studies have demonstrated characteristic changes occur in Alzheimer's disease. (1.) Neurofibrillary tangles that appear to be irregular masses of neuro-filaments may take part in salutatory movements essential for exoplasmic flow might deprive the axon of essential protein and lead to neural dysfunction. Impaired intracellular function could then lead to an accumulation of toxic metabolites and cell death. Some factor affecting cytoplasmic protein may be involved in this disorder. (2.) Neurotic plaques (deposits that show neuro denervation). Neurotic plaques are compose of degenerating nerve terminals, reactive glial cells and fibrous material called amyliod. (3.) Granulovascular degeneration (fluid deposits and granulation in the neurons), and (4.) reduced enzyme activity particularly of noradrenalin and of choline acetyltranserase, which is required in acetylcholine synthesis.
BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES
Despite the devastating clinical changes that occur in Alzheimer disease, relatively few biochemical changes differentiate postmortem Alzheimer brain tissue from that of age-match normal individuals. The most consistent change is 50% to 90% reduction of the activity of choline acetyltranserase in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Because choline acetyltranserase, which is the biosynthetic enzyme for acetyl-choline, is found only in cholinergic neurons, it appears likely that there is selective loss of cholinergic neurons, particularly in cholinergic projection pathway from deep nuclei located in the septum near the dialogical bond of broca to the hippocampus, and from the nearby basal nucleus of meynert to the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of a normal compliment of postsynaptic muscarinic receptors. The degree cognitive deficit measured during life is roughly proportional to the loss of choline acetyltranserase.
PATHOLOGY
Alzheimer disease is characterized by atrophy of the cerebral cortex that is usually diffuse, although it may be more severe in the frontal and temporal lobes. The degree of atrophy is variable. Brains of affected individual weigh between 850g and 1250g at autopsy. Normal aging of the brain is also accompanied by the atrophy; there is an overlap in the degree of atrophy of brains obtained from elderly Alzheimer patients and unaffected patients of same age. On microscopic examination, there is a loss of both neurons and neuropil in the cortex and, sometimes, secondary demyllination in sub cortical white matter. With quantitative morphometry, it has been shown that the greatest loss is that of large cortical neurons. The most characteristic findings are the argentopilic senile plaque is found throughout the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and the number of plaques is composed of enlarge, degenerating exonal endings surrounding a core composed mainly of extra cellular amyliod. The degenerating exonal buttons contain lysosomes, degenerating mitochondria, and paired helical filaments. These paired helical filaments, which are about 20nm wide with a twist every 80nm along their length, constitute the chief element found in Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangle. These tangles consist of accumulation of these filaments within the body of a swollen neuron. Neurofibrillary tangles first occur in the hippocampus particularly tangles may be found throughout the cerebral cortex. Other less prominent but still common features of Alzheimer's disease includes Granulovascular degeneration of pyramidal cells of the hippocampus and congophilic angioplasty. The hirano body, a rod like body containing Para crystalline material, first describe in the Guam parkinsonism-dementia complex, is also found in Alzheimer's disease. Atherosclerotic-dementia changes are absent or are present only to a minor degree in most cases.
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
The diagnosis of Alzheimer disease is based on the development of the progressive dementia without motor findings in the early stages and on the exclusion of other entities that may present with dementia by re-examination after several months is useful. Ordinarily it is easy to differentiate Alzheimer's disease from Korsakoff psychosis because, in the latter, there is a history of alcoholism, the memory defect is static, and other intellectual functions are intact. In some non-alcoholic patients, confusion arise when a history of progressive memory defect is given an ECT shows mild atrophy. The condition of Pseudo dementia must suspected when a history of depression preceded the onset of intellectual deterioration. The term pseudo dementia is used to describe depressed patients in whom cognitive function is temporarily impaired on a functional basis and intellectual function improves when the depression is treated. In such instances, re-examination of patient after several months may clarify the diagnosis. My edema or pernicious anemia occasionally presents with intellectual deterioration as the primary symptom. These diseases can be ruled out by appropriate testing of thyroid function and deterioration of vitamin B12 levels. Dementia paralytic is excluded by the normal CSF. Huntington disease is excluded by the absence of signs of increased intracranial pressure, focal changes on neurological examination, or EEG and the absence of the characteristic choric movements and family history of the disease. Brain tumor is excluded by the absence of signs of increased intracranial pressure, focal changes on neurological examination, or EEG, and the absence of mass lesion on CT. Alzheimer's disease is usually differentiated from the sub acute progressive dementias such as Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease by the absence of myclonus and other motor abnormalities early in the course as well as the absence of the periodic EEG. The rare occurrence of myclonus as an early event in Alzheimer disease may make diagnosis of the two diseases clarifies the situation in few months. Dementia secondary to multiple cerebral infarcts usually occurs in the presence of a gait disturbances and later pseudo bulbar signs in addition to dementia help established the diagnosis.
The differentiation of Alzheimer's disease from chronic communicating hydrocephalus is important because the later addition can be treated operatively. Most patients with chronic communicating hydrocephalus have a preceding history of subachnoid hemorrhage head trauma, or meningitis. In cases without an apparent cause, the patients who respond to shunt therapy are those with a history of the onset of progressive unsteadiness of gait with psycho meter urinary progressive urinary incontinence. Confirmatory tests for chronic communicating hydrocephalus include marked enlargement of ventricles with minimal cortical atrophy on CT and abnormal CSF flow determined by RISA cistenography or the CSF infusion test. In the absence of a typical history, these laboratory findings by themselves are not sufficient for the diagnosis because about 10% of patients with Alzheimer's disease have markedly enlarged ventricles together with some evidence of abnormal CSF flow. Of Alzheimer patients are operated on, they usually show marked postoperative deterioration.
LABORATORY DATA
There are no significant changes in the usual laboratory examinations. CSF findings are typically normal. A slight increase in the protein content of the fluid has been noted in a few cases. Generalized slowing is regularly seen in the EEG. Psychometric or neuropsychological examination is useful in following the progress of the disease. Cerebral blood flow falls as neuron cease functioning and oxygen demand is reduced. Dilation of the lateral ventricles and widening of the cortical sulci, particularly in the frontal and temporal regions, are common CT findings, especially in the late stage of the disease. Mild cortical atrophy is seen in some older individuals who are functioning normally is clinical psycho logic testing.
COURSE AND TREATMENT
COURSE:
The clinical course is progressive, terminating inevitably in complete incapacity and death. Plateaus sometimes occur during which cognitive impairment does not change for a period of up to rear or two, but his progression of the disease then resumes. The duration of the disease is usually between 4 to 10 yrs., with extremes varying from less than one year to more than 20 years.
TREATMENT:
Drugs designed to increase the function of the remaining cholinergic neurons are under experimental trial at present, there s no proven effective stage of the disease, it is often possible to maintain some degree of socialization despite marked cognitive impairment. Some of the latest research on Alzheimer's disease focuses not on medicine but on how modifications in the physical environment can maintain and improve patient's well-being. The research is being done at the Corinne Dolan Alzheimer center at Heather Hill, U.S.A. the 24 bed center is working to identify what architectural and environmental features help keep Alzheimer's patient relaxed, safe and independent for as long as possible.
For experimental purposes the center is divided into two identical sections. For example plastics display cases filled with memorabilia from patient's past are placed outside their rooms, so researchers can see whether familiar momentous help them orient themselves towards their rooms. Each room has a curtain that can reveal the toilet, as well as a recess in the wall that contains the sink.
This design is intended to help researchers determine whether seeing bathrooms fixtures will remind patients to use them.
RATIO
The elderly population has grown over the past decades. Kolb and Brodie (1982) report that in 1900, one in 25 living persons was over the age of 65; in 1978, this ratio has increases to one in nine. Kolata (1981) states that one of every six person over the age of 65 is at least moderately affected by dementia. Spar found that Alzheimer's disease accounted for 40 to 60 percent of all cases of dementia in old age. The onset of Alzheimer's disease is usually between the ages of 40 to 60.
Community surveys in Northern Europe and the United States indicate that about 4% of person over age of 65 is incapacitate by an organic dementia. About 10% have progressive mental deterioration but can till function in the community. Pathologic studies in the same communities indicate that between 50% to60% of the brains of patients with organic dementia have Alzheimer's disease. Extrapolating this numbers, there may be as many as 600,000 individuals incapacitated by Alzheimer's disease in the United States today and as many as 1.4 million with an earlier or milder form of this disorder.
SAMPLE CARE PLAN
FIRST PROBLEM
ASSESSMENT DATA:
Slow, shuffling broad based gait. Reduced arm swing. Continuous aimless purposeless and often repetitive activity. Paces restlessly and perseverant in repeating aimless movements.
Awakens frequently ate night and becomes very agitated and fearful often, believes she has been kidnapped and is help hostage.
Enjoys walks outdoors, simple tasks, and listening to music.
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
Altered activity and rest patterns due to organic brain changes and confusion.
GOAL
Maintain balance of activity and rest, including adequate sleep.
INTERVENTION
Provide simple, repetitious activities such as sweeping, dusting, or raking leaves. Schedule frequent rest periods during the day. Remain with her if needed to promote sedentary activity or social relaxation via listening to music, promoting by rest by giving a back rub. At night, assure that physical needs are met before retiring. Provide adequate lighting in room to prevent shadows and distortions. Provide orientation and reassurance during night if awake.
RATIONALE
Avoid complex tasks and make use of perseverance to provide sense of control in mastery. Scheduling and promoting rest is important because of client's distractibility and poor memory, may need to direct her back to restful activity.
Frequent awakening can be aggravated by hunger and need to void. Darkness and shadows may be distorted by the confused client. Reorientation and providing visual cues are reassurance tend to prevent agitation.
EVALUATION
Record amount of sleep per night and number/duration or rest periods for improvement. Goal criteria would be 6-7 hours/night of sleep and 3 or 4 rest periods of 30 minutes or more during day.
SECOND PROBLEM
ASSESSMENT DATA
Unable to identify place or time correctly. States her name in Anne Ellis (her maiden name). falls to recognize family members.
Speech is occasionally incoherent with episodes of clarity. Frequent echolalia. Becomes frustrated ate difficulty in making needs known-yells or becomes angry.
Becomes fearful and agitated in frustrating situations. Expresses fears that she is kidnapped, that her belongings have been stolen.
Attention span is brief and memory is very poor, highly distractible.
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
Anxiety related thoughts disorder associated with organic brain changes.
GOAL
Promote sense of personal security and environmental awareness within limitations of disease process.
INTERVENTION
Communicate in clear, simple sentence and low, gentle voice tone. Reorient frequently in caring, respectful manner. Interpret reality and offer realistic reassurance.
Invite remotivation and social reminiscing groups.
RATIONALE
Harsh voices and complex situations increase agitation.
Repetition and consistency of routine are basic to providing a predictable environment. Habits, a buddy system and varied environmental cues promote a sense of security.
Anxiety can be communicated interpersonally. Distraction is a more effective means of coping with negative span and memory problems. These groups meet special people, needs provide appropriate social contact.
EVALUATION
Reduction is recorded numbers and intensity of episodes of agitation.
Able to follow daily activity routine comfortably with assistance of staff and other client.
THIRD AND FOURTH PROBLEM
ASSESSMENT DATA
Eats large quantities of food. Neglects use of table ware and puts whole potatoes or serving of meat in mouth at one time. Occasionally puts inedible objects in mouth such as soap and pins. Weights loss of 5 pounds over past 2 or 3 months. Some days forget to eat becomes distracted and wanders off.
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
Supplement meals with between-meal nourishment. Provide finger foods and substances in eating as needed supervise meals and promote pleasant atmosphere.
Record intake of fluids and nutrients. Record weight weekly. Carefully remove wrappers and foreign objects from tray and room.
RATIONALE
Contains aimless activity increase caloric needs. Promote ease and attractiveness in meeting nutritional needs. Monitor adequacy of diet and fluid intake by recording actual amounts ingested periodically and regular graphic recording of weight. Supervision and assistance in food preparation and serving minimize hazards of choking or intake of in edibles.
EVALUATION
Weekly weights remain stable with no further loss. No episodes of aspiration, asphyxia, or ingestion of foreign objects occur.
FIFTH PROBLEM
ASSESSMENT DATA
Occasionally episodes of incontinence occur more frequently at night. Resist showering and changing of clothing.
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
Altered toilet habits and hygiene due to confusion.
GOAL
Maintain elimination and hygiene.
INTERVENTION
Assist to bathroom during day and night when awaked. Record voiding and defection patterns. Observe for non-verbal cues indicating toileting need. Use persuasion and diversion to assure 2-3/weeks and daily clothing changes.
RATIONALE
Memory deficits necessities monitoring and assistance in elimination and monitoring personal cleanliness and grooming.
EVALUATION
Decrease in record episode of incontinence.
SIXTH PROBLEM
ASSESSMENT
Daughter and grandson visits weekly. Daughter frequently fearful and expresses sense of helplessness in response to her mother's deterioration condition.
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
Potential for ineffective family coping related to chronic deterioration condition client.
GOAL
Maintain and promote family information and support needs.
INTERVENTION
Spends sometime with his family during visits to promote interaction and role model effective approaches to engage their mother's attention.
Spend time following each visit with the family.
Actively listen to their concerns. Provide accurate information on the disease and its course. Refer to Alzheimer's support group in the community.
Share information on any particular approaches or needs of the client.
RATIONALE
Personal contact and support of family is particularly important during long term illness. Families have a need for expression and acceptance of feelings of discouragement, frustration and helplessness.
Accurate information and contact with others in similar circumstances can promote coping.
EVALUATION
Family members will feel free to express concerns, questions and feelings.
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CUNCLUSION AND RECOMMENTDATIONS
We know that past is the root of the present and the present is the foundation of the future. With so may problems of our country today we do not know what awaits for our future. In this research paper, one objective of the author is to awake the Filipinos in being good citizen in order for our country to succeed and to be one of the greatest in the world. The author is not yet fulfilled with his dreams. The author conducts this research work for us to understand that Alzheimer's disease occur and it will be a threat to our country and for us to be responsible in everything we do.
Alzheimer's disease is a disease of the brain which has no cure at all but some medicine can reduce the pain in death. Alzheimer's disease as defined is the total mental deterioration o thought progression. Patients who have this disease tend to forgot which is just said instead he can recall past events. When the patient is in his 2nd or 3rd stage they can no longer recognized what are they doing. They tend to forgot special persons and fail to recognize them. This disease is caused by mutation but occurs sporadically. It means that if a relative of yours has an Alzheimer's disease that person who has a son, his son, his son is not capable of having the disease instead his grandest son or daughter. Generally speaking it is an inherited disease. The disease has lots of brain changes. One of these changes is the loss of neurons which is highly needed by the brain.
In order for our country to develop and succeed cooperation and discipline is needed. And we should be aware of the things happening n our country as well as others in order for us, if any problem will come, to withstand any catastrophe that will push through.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Rowland, Lewis P., Textbook of Neurology, 7th edition,
pp.508-512.
Wagman, Richard J., New and Complete Medical and Health Encyclopedia, Chapter 1, p. 344.
Chusid, Correlative Neuroanatomy and Functional Neulogy,
p. 362.
Gulpeo, Mejillano et. Al., Physical Education, Health And Music (PEHM),
pp. 79-80.
World book Medical Encyclopedia, pp. 241-242.
Britanica Encyclopedia, letter a, p. 306.
Lexicon Encyclopedia, letter a pp. 320-321.
Science Journal, vol. 3, p. 2.
Organic Mental Disorders, pp. 815-832.
Behavior and Nursing Care of Patients, p. 504.
