Religion was a Hindrance to the Development of Medicine in the Middle Ages
Religion was a Hindrance to the Development of Medicine in the Middle Ages I partially agree with this statement because religion both hindered and help the development of medicine in the Middle Ages. Christianity and Islam belief both played a part during this time. There were many factors in which Religion helped the development of medicine. Christians and Islam's both believe that there is only one God and unlike the Greeks and the Romans who worshiped many gods and icons, they only worship one God. This was also the belief of Galen so both religions picked up his ideas and helped the development of medicine. Within both religions, medical books of Hippocrates and Galen were translated. Christians translated the work into Latin and the clergy read in Latin so they were able to understand the writings and keep alive the ideas of Galen in particular. The Muslims translated the texts into Arabic and with the Arabic spread through west and south Asia and parts of Europe it was easy to spread the information. In this, more people were able to learn about medicine and this helped the development. Both religions taught that each person should take care of the sick and build hospitals. This encouraged people to help others and saw the general people learning more about medicine to try to heal people so helped medicine. The Islam's adopted Hippocrates way of observation and
Assess the impact of disrupted biological rhythms
Faye Johnson 13.6 Assess the impact of disrupted biological rhythms: The human body has the ability to adapt to changes or zeitgebers, as long as the changes occur gradually. When fast changes in zeitgebers occur the human bodily rhythms cannot adjust fast enough, this causes ill effects, 'internal desychronisation' One example of internal desychronisation is shift work. Shift work is defined as regular employed work outside the normal working day 7am- 6pm. Research in to shift work says that it is both physically and psychologically damaging to peoples health to frequently suffer from internal desychronisation (Aschoff and Weaver). This is said to be because shift workers are being forced to adjust their natural sleep wake cycle to fit their schedules. Symptoms of internal desychronisation include, fatigue, headaches, impaired reaction time, and irritability. The effects on shift workers are important because of the high percentage of people that work shifts, 20% of people in the U.S work shifts. In today society it would be impossible to live with out shift workers, such as health workers, and industry workers. Records show that more accidents happen at night than any other time. For example human errors of shift works at Chernobyl, which happened at 1.28 am. Also Three Mile Island happened at 4am these human could have possibly been avoided if more was known about shift
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome I. Introduction Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), a new atypical pneumonia, originated in Guangdong Province, China in November 2002. This syndrome appears to have some association with infection with a novel coronavirus. By the end of March 2003, many countries were deeply alarmed by reports of a rapidly spreading viral pneumonia with a very high death rate. Singapore closed all schools and threatened huge fines on anyone in contact with an SARS sufferer if they left their homes, Hong Kong also told a million students and children to stay at home. Other nations were also proposing radical action to save lives and their health care systems from meltdown. A single case was enough to close an entire hospital - with rapid spread to health care workers and threats to other sick patients and family members. Medical teams badly affected, Hong Kong Chief Medical Officer described his horror as seeing over 60 doctors and nurses struck down, decimating the ability of his hospitals to cope, and creating terrible fear. Travelers in Japan, China and Hong Kong began to see large numbers of local citizens covering their faces in public places with medical masks or make-shift pieces of cotton. Ontario, Canada declared a provincial SARS emergency allowing legal action to remove personal freedoms for those affected if necessary to prevent spread
Case study on how hypoxia and electrolyte imbalances can cause Confusion/Delirium.
Case study on how hypoxia and electrolyte imbalances can cause Confusion/Delirium According to Whitaker (1989), elderly surgical patients appear to have a higher tendency to post-operative delirium in comparison to other age groups. Through countless researches (Lindesay, Macdonald & Starke, 1990; Mentes, Culp, Maas & Rantz, 1999) the determinant(s) contributing to this phenomenon remained a puzzle. Delirium is a state of temporary but acute mental confusion (Lewis Heitkemper & Dirksen, 2003). Clinically, delirium is rarely caused by a single factor. It is often the result of the interaction of the patient's underlying condition with a precipitating event. It may be the result of a combination of factors including anesthesia, major surgery, infection and prolonged sleep deprivation (Lewis et al, 2003). Delirium can also arise from hypoxia and water-electrolyte imbalances, which are caused by disruption to oxygenation and ventilation, metabolism and elimination, respectively. Since Mr Munro has had insomnia since 6 years ago after the death of his wife, him exhibiting signs of confusion post-operatively is expected. Hypoxia, an inadequate amount of oxygen in body tissue cells can occur on anyone. However, post-operative patients are at an increased risk of being diagnosed with delirium after surgery. Hypoxia is caused by the reduction in partial pressure of oxygen,
Should Smoking Be Banned? Should smoking be banned in public?
SHOULD SMOKING BE BANNED? SHOULD SMOKING BE BANNED IN PUBLIC? Prepare a special feature pull-out section for a magazine on SMOKING. Over the past years smoking has always been a factor of life, being either a good of bad one. Smoking can have severe effect on the way in which peoples bodies operate and how they react. This is why over the past few years smoking has become an important question in life...... SHOULD SMOKING BE BANNED? Smoking is taken up by many people from a range of different ages. It is usually a problem dealt with the younger age these days. Each school around the country has dealt with this problem one time or another. Not only are the schools attempting to crack down on this situation due to the general smoking but also other commonly used illegal drugs such as Cannabis and many others. Many young teenagers are also persuaded onto other drugs apart from smoking. The effect of walking the wrong path in the past as a teenager, can greatly affect their future as an adult. Is your hard-earned money going up in smoke, literally! Not as the result of a fire, but the result of smoking cigarettes. If you're a smoker now, you're ready to turn the page to avoid any preaching. There will be no preaching, just notes and coins analysis of smoking as a habit. To a non-smoker the thought of spending money to quit a physically harmful habit is hard to
Identify causes of non-infectious disease using an example from each of the following categories: -inherited disease, nutritional deficiencies, and environmental disease.
CALLAGHAN COLLEGE-JESMOND CAMPUS HSC BIOLOGY ASSESSMENT TASK ONE THE SEARCH FOR BETTER HEALTH "Non-Infectious Diseases and Emphysema" Hayley Watson HBIO2 Mr. J. Leahy Identify causes of non-infectious disease using an example from each of the following categories: -inherited disease, nutritional deficiencies, and environmental disease. A non-infectious disease is defined, according to Alford and others (2002, p. 212), as a disease that cannot be spread from one organism to another. Alford continues to explain that non infectious diseases can be categorised into three distinct classes. These are inherited diseases, nutritional deficiencies and environmental diseases. Inherited Disease An inherited disease is "due to genetic defects passed on from previous generations." (Auburn and others, 2000, p. 384). An example of a genetic disease is glaucoma. "Glaucoma is an eye disease characterised by increased pressure of the fluid within the eye and is a leading cause of blindness worldwide." (Glaucoma, World Book Millennium Encyclopaedia, 2000) The aqueous humour--the fluid that nourishes the cornea and the lens--does not drain properly, and as pressure in the eye increases, the optic nerve is destroyed. This is described in World Book Millennium Encyclopaedia CD Rom Glaucoma article. The article further explains that Glaucoma is caused by an alteration within a gene
Physiological compensation of acute loss of 30-40% of blood volume in a young healthy adult male.
Physiological compensation of acute loss of 30-40% of blood volume in a young healthy adult male. The outcome of such severe blood loss is determined by the equilibrium between the rate and volume of haemorrhage and the ability of powerful physiologic compensatory mechanisms to maintain adequate and ultimately normal blood flow throughout the body. Baskett in 1990 classified hypovolaemic shock according to blood loss. Class III is defined by 30-40% blood loss (1.5-2L) and is associated with reduced SBP and DBP, HR 120, slow (>2s) capillary refill, tachypnoea, a low urine flow rate (10-20ml/h), pale complexion and extremities and anxiousness, aggressiveness or drowsiness. The reasons for these are mentioned below in italics. Haemorrhage decreases blood volume, which in turn results in a reduction in venous return to the heart. In turn, this leads to a decreased cardiac output and hence decreased arterial pressure. This renders tissue perfusion inadequate, leading to a lack of nutrient supply and build-up of waste products. If uncorrected, this clinical state, known as hypovolaemic shock, will ultimately result in multi-organ failure and death. Depending on severity, shock exhibits different characteristics and can be divided into three major stages: * Non-progressive (compensated), shock from which the normal circulatory compensation mechanisms will eventually cause
The nineteenth century
The nineteenth century The nineteenth century is the century of the industrial revolution and early capitalism. It is also the century of the origin of modern empirical-experimental science and medicine, the development of pharmacology, cell pathology and bacteriology (Pasteur). New instruments allowed new scientific investigations, diagnosis and a rationalisation of therapies. During this period the physical and psychical body were further separated and medicine became more and more the science of the material body. With the evolving knowledge of the different body organs, physicians started to specialise in different disciplines according to the corresponding body organs or functions. Medical treatment became available to almost the whole population and medical health and accident insurance institutions were established. The successes booked in physic and chemistry more and more influenced and determined the medical science, methods and therapies, however did not hinder the appearance of different theoretical schools such as : * The natural philosophical physiology with the vegetative (growth, nourishment and reproductive forces), animistic (irritability of the organs and muscles) and sensitive (sensory, nerves and soul) dimension. * The natural scientific physiology which was completely based on the scientific investigation of body functions. * The cell-pathological
An investigation into the effect of exercise on clinical depression.
An investigation into the effect of exercise on clinical depression Problems with depression are by no means limited to those who are clinically diagnosed as being so. Generalised, negative affect is experienced by everyone throughout the course of a lifetime. Usually, non clinical depression is linked to some kind of stressor in the environment which can be clearly identified, for example, the termination of a job. It is only when these depressive episodes go further than certain boundaries of intensity, duration and frequency can the disorder can be labelled clinical depression. Depressive symptoms, e.g. sadness, disturbed sleep and fatigue can also be symptoms of other medical conditions (for example stroke) however, in this situation depression may not require a separate diagnosis. Clinical depression is a very prevalent problem in today's society; 15% of people will have an episode of major depression in their lives and it is said to be the fourth most common cause of disability worldwide (NHS Website 2004). One of the earliest treatments for depression was psychotherapy, but Dishman (1986) notes than in severe cases medication will almost certainly be required. In the past 10 years or so, 'exercise on prescription' schemes have become popular in primary health care, many of which include depression in the referral criteria. (Biddle and Fox 1991) Strict diagnostic
Critically evaluate the evolution of the meaning of 'disease of the mind'.
Insanity Essay - Written Work, Spring Term Critically evaluate the evolution of the meaning of 'disease of the mind': The purpose of this essay is to examine a number of insanity cases paying particular attention to how the meaning of 'disease of the mind' has developed and come to the meaning that it currently adopts today. Disease of the mind in this context is a legal term not to be confused with that used by the medical profession in relation to what constitutes a 'mental disorder'. The law's main interest is concerned with the question whether the accused is to be held legally responsible for his acts. A person cannot be legally blameworthy for an offence if his mental state was not fitting with the alleged crime. The criteria as to a person's sanity are laid down in the M'Naghten Rules (1943): (1) Every man is presumed to be sane and possess a sufficient degree of reason to be responsible for his crimes until the contrary is proven. (2) To establish the defence of insanity, it must be proven that, at the time of committing the act, the defendant was labouring under such a defect of reason, arising from a disease of the mind, that he did not know the quality of the act. Alternatively, if he did know the nature and quality of the act, that he did not know that what he was doing was wrong. Problems arise between the different terminology employed by psychiatrists