Via food or water- Chicken meat kept in warm conditions encourages the reproduction of salmonella bacteria which can be transferd to the human consumer, who has food poisoning as a result.
Examples of this type or disease are malaria and measles.
Non-Infectious disease
All disease that are not cause by pathogens are termed as non-infectious diseases. The following types of diseases are not caused by pathogens; deficiency disease, Inherited disease, Degenerative disease, Mental disorders, Social disease and self-inflicted diseases.
Some non infectious diseases have one cause where as others are more complex and are multifactorial.
Deficiency Disease
These are nutritional disease caused by inadequate or imbalanced diet. Although most of the worlds population have enough to eat, they do not always eat a balanced diet. One or more of the essential nutrients such as proteins, vitamins and minerals can be missing or in short supply. As a consequence people suffer from deficiency diseases such as:
- Scurvy
- Night Blindness
- Iron deficiency-anemia
Inherited disease
Genes passed on from parents to children cause this. It is caused by dominant or recessive alleles. Some people can show symptoms from birth where as others can develop them later in life.
There is no possible cure for an inherited disease but may eventually become possible with a technique called gene therapy. An example of inherited disease would be cystic fibrosis. This disease results from an abnormality in a channel protein that allows chloride irons to flow out of cells across plasma membranes. Cells with these chloride irons are found in the lungs, pancreas and testes. If the channel does not work properly, it can cause a sticky mucus stopping water and chloride molecules from moving in or out. This makes breathing more dificault and is likely to form a breeding ground for bacteria, resulting in infections. The sufferer must have regular physiotherapy to loosen and get rid of the mucus.
Degenerative disease
This disease forms when the bodies repair mechanism begins to fail. This usually happened during growing up but not always. These failings are associated with reduced mobility, short-term memory loss and poor circulation.
There are three main types of degenerative disease:
- Diseases of the skeletal, muscular and nervous systems, for example osteorthristis, muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, motor neurone disease and Alzheimer’s disease;
- Cardiovascular disease, which are diseases of the circulatory system such as coronary heart disease and stoke;
- Cancer
Mental disorders
This is any disease or illness that affects a persons mind. It may effect any combinations of thoughts, emotions, memory and personal and social behaviour. They range from a mild to a serious range of mental disorders. A mild form of mental illness is claustrophobia which is a fear of closed space. More serious forms of mental disorders are Creutzfeld-Jacob disease (CJD), Schizophrenia, manic depression and Alzheimer’s It is caused by degeneration of certain groups of brain cells that normally secret a substance called acetylcholine. The brain gradually shrinks and a distinctive “plaques” of aluminium-rich protein can be seen. The symptoms of Alzheimer’s include a progressive deterioration of the memory, followed by a general decline to all mental faculties. It is most common in older people.
Social disease
The social setting where a person lives has a great affect on the amount and type of disease they may experience.
Poverty encourages disease which spreads more easily in crowded and unhygienic conditions and also places with limited choice of food due to lack of money.
Also obesity and cardiovascular are common in affluent societies. An example of social disorders is drug dependence and hypothermia.
Self inflicted disease
Self-inflicted diseases are those in which a person’s health is damaged by their own decisions and behaviour. These can be such things like smoking, alcohol, sunbathing, eating large quantities of fatty food.
Also deliberate self-harm such as attempted suicide is classes as self-inflicted as it can cause major damage to body organs.
Those who start smoking at a young age are highly likely to become addicted to nicotine. Misuse of other drugs such as alcohol and heroin can lead drug dependence which leads to the person at risk of developing a variety of mental and physical disease.
In developing countries suicide is second only to accidents as a leading cause of death among young people.
New Technology For Treating Diseases- The Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project is a worldwide research effort with the goal of analyzing the structure of human DNA and determining the location of the
estimated 100,000 human genes. The DNA of a set of model organisms will be
studied to provide the information necessary for understanding the functioning
of the human genome. The information gathered by the human genome project is
expected to be the source book for biomedical science in the twenty-first century and will be of great value to the field of medicine. The project will help us to understand and eventually treat more than 4,000 genetic diseases that affect mankind. The scientific products of the human genome project will include
a resource of genomic maps and DNA sequence information that will provide
detailed information about the structure, organization, and characteristics of human DNA, information that constitutes the basic set of inherited "instructions" for the development and functioning of a human being.
The Human Genome Project began in the mid 1980's and was widely examined within the scientific community and public press through the last half of that decade. In the United States, the Department of Energy (DOE) initially, and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) soon after, were the main research agencies within the US government responsible for developing and planning the project. By 1988, the two agencies were working together, an association that was formalized by the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding to "coordinate research and technical activities related to the human genome". The National Center for Human Genome Research (NCHGR) was established in 1989 to head the human genome project for the NIH. NCHGR is one of twenty-four institutes, centers, or divisions that make up the NIH, the federal government's main agency for the support of biomedical research. At least sixteen countries have established Human Genome Projects.
The Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) and the National Research
Council (NRC) prepared a report describing the plans for the US human genome
project and is updated as further advances in the underlying technology occur.
To achieve the scientific goals, which together encompass the human genome project, a number of measures have been put in place. In addition, a newsletter, an electronic bulletin board, a comprehensive administrative data base, and other communications tools are being set up to facilitate communication and tracking of progress. The overall budget needs for the effort are expected to be about $200 million per year for approximately 15 years.
Lasers are used in the detection of DNA in many aspects of the project; a very important use is in sorting chromosomes by flow cytometry. Lasers are also used in fluorescence laser microscopy to excite fluorescently tagged molecules in genome mapping, in addition to other mapping uses. In diagnostic applications, lasers are used with fluorescent probes attached to DNA to light up chromosomes and to create patterns on DNA chips.
From the beginning of the human genome project it was clearly recognized that the use of such genetic knowledge would have involvements for both individuals and society and would pose a number of consequential choices for public and professional deliberation.
The human genome project has already inspired society with the hope of "better" babies. Parents hope for healthy children and, if they could afford it, make choices (such as choosing parental care) to help "engineer" healthier babies. Genetic engineering seems in this respect to offer the brightest hope for parents. Through germ-line therapy, disastrous, but genetically discrete diseases, such as Huntington's and cystic fibrosis could be removed from the DNA of the egg or zygote. Clearly parents would follow the model in choosing to avoid a short, painful life for their children.
Another more reasonable fear is that we have not the slightest idea what
we are doing and ought to avoid making hasty choices. Hybrid varieties are often
impossible to protect from the complexities and dangers of nature. In the human
condition, this is the possibility of making an error and creating a genetically
advanced baby who cannot cope with an imperfect world. While much of society reports a willingness to modify DNA for the purpose of heightening intelligence, education about genetics and medicine is still in its beginning.
One significant element is the assertion that genetic engineering is
radically different from any other kind of human medicine, and constitutes
interference in a restricted area, trying to "play God".
In my opinion, I believe that, if and only if, a deadly disease is
detected, then the scientists and/or doctors should tap into the DNA of a zygote
or egg for testing and absolute knowledge of the steps of the procedure must be
present. I do not believe that there should be a genetically advanced child in the world, everyone is created equal and nobody should have their destiny changed for any reason.
Bibliography
The following is a list of the books and internet sites that I have used as research for my essay:
New
- Scientist (vol. 150, Apr. 27, 1996) pg. 11.
- Cambridge Advanced Sciences Biology 1 Chapter 11
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- Infectious disease publication.
