An investigation into the effect of exercise on clinical depression.
An investigation into the effect of exercise on clinical depression Problems with depression are by no means limited to those who are clinically diagnosed as being so. Generalised, negative affect is experienced by everyone throughout the course of a lifetime. Usually, non clinical depression is linked to some kind of stressor in the environment which can be clearly identified, for example, the termination of a job. It is only when these depressive episodes go further than certain boundaries of intensity, duration and frequency can the disorder can be labelled clinical depression. Depressive symptoms, e.g. sadness, disturbed sleep and fatigue can also be symptoms of other medical conditions (for example stroke) however, in this situation depression may not require a separate diagnosis. Clinical depression is a very prevalent problem in today's society; 15% of people will have an episode of major depression in their lives and it is said to be the fourth most common cause of disability worldwide (NHS Website 2004). One of the earliest treatments for depression was psychotherapy, but Dishman (1986) notes than in severe cases medication will almost certainly be required. In the past 10 years or so, 'exercise on prescription' schemes have become popular in primary health care, many of which include depression in the referral criteria. (Biddle and Fox 1991) Strict diagnostic
Drugs- In General
Drugs- In General Introduction: Drugs are defined as substances that affect the function of living cells. They are commonly used in medicine to diagnose, cure, prevent the occurrence of diseases and disorders, and prolong the life of patients with incurable conditions. Since 1900 the availability of new and more effective drugs such as antibiotics, which fight bacterial infections, and vaccines, which prevent diseases caused by bacteria and viruses, has increased the average person's life span from approximately 60 years to about 80 years of age. Drugs have vastly improved the quality of life. Today, drugs have contributed to the eradication of widespread and sometimes fatal diseases such as poliomyelitis and smallpox. Classification: Drugs can be classified in many ways: * By the way they are dispensed- over the counter or by prescription. * By the substance from which they are derived- plant, mineral, or animal. * By the form they take- capsule, liquid, or gas. * By the way they are administered- by mouth, injection, inhalation, or direct application to the skin (absorption). Drugs are also classified by their names. All drugs have three names including a chemical name describing the exact structure of the drug, a generic or proprietary name known as the official medical name assigned by a country's "Adopted Name Council" (a group composed of pharmacists and other
A Look At Anemia Related To Nutritional Issues.
A Look At Anemia Related To Nutritional Issues A Look At Anemia Related To Nutritional Issues A LOOK AT ANEMIA RELATED TO NUTRITIONAL ISSUES by STEPHANIE DEEB HEALTH SCIENCES RESEARCH METHODS HSA 4700 NOVEMBER 29, 1999 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE......................................................................... METHODOLOGY........................................................................................ PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA.......................................... CONCLUSION............................................................................................ Works Cited ........................................................................................... APPENDIX A.............................................................................................. APPENDIX B.............................................................................................. INTRODUCTION Anemia can be defined as a decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood caused by low hemoglobin concentration (A Practical Guide, 1). Cells in the body require oxygen to fully utilize fuels. The oxygen is transported from the lungs to tissues throughout the body via red blood cells. Oxygen binds to hemoglobin, a specific molecule within
The role of the shaman: similarities and differences between Western therapeutic processes and traditional healing.
The role of the shaman: similarities and differences between Western therapeutic processes and traditional healing Abstract Human societies, in different contexts and at different times, have produced a number of traditional healers whose roles and functions largely overlap. In this paper, drawing on various literature sources, I will argue that the role of the shaman or traditional healer bears striking similarities with that of helping professionals in the Western world, particularly mental health professionals working within a therapeutic framework. Moreover similar mechanisms are involved in the way the therapeutic process is approached and illnesses are dealt with and eventually resolved. Introduction The anthropological and psychiatric literature on shamanism and spirit possession has often treated these phenomena as abnormal and as a sign of mental disturbance: "there is no reason and no excuse for not considering the shaman to be a severe neurotic or even a psychotic in a state of temporary remission" (Devereux 1956). The psychiatrist Yap explores the behaviour of the medicine-men of the Bataks of Borneo who, falling into a state of trance, are then possessed by a spirit who speaks through them: he believes their actions to be "doubtless hysterical in basis" (Yap 1951). In his paper on traditional healing in a Javanese town Geertz (1960) looks at the role of the
Odontologa en San Marcos
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL MAYOR DE SAN MARCOS FACULTAD DE ODONTOLOGÍA Desafíos de la salud pública bucal en el Perú Análisis crítico Profesor: Dr. Alejandro Vásquez Olivares Turno: 11am.-1 pm. Alumna: Daniella Fernanda Núñez Díaz Fecha de presentación: 19/07/10 LIMA-PERÚ 2010 DESAFÍOS DE LA SALUD PÚBLICA BUCAL EN EL PERÚ Actualmente, no es desconocido el hecho que el Perú está quedando ileso de la crisis económica y que en vez de disminuir su crecimiento económico, éste sigue aumentando. Esto es debido a ciertos factores y medidas que se tomaron en el gobierno de Alberto Fujimori, quien adoptó medidas drásticas para que el Perú saliera de la situación trágica y deplorable en la que se encontraba después de la hiperinflación en la que había estado en el primer gobierno de Alan García. Las políticas utilizadas en el gobierno de Alberto Fujimori se caracterizaron por ser neoliberales y como todo, trajeron consigo aspectos positivos y negativos a nuestra situación. Como aspecto negativo resaltante, se puede mencionar la crítica situación de la salud pública de salud bucal. Ésta ha sido relegada por las autoridades y por la misma población, debido a la extrema preocupación e importancia que le dan a los aspectos económicos. La salud bucal y la profesión odontológica atraviesan una etapa de estancamiento debido a dos factores
Desafos de la salud pblica bucal en el Per
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL MAYOR DE SAN MARCOS FACULTAD DE ODONTOLOGÍA Desafíos de la salud pública bucal en el Perú Análisis crítico Profesor: Dr. Alejandro Vásquez Olivares Turno: 11am.-1 pm. Alumna: Daniella Fernanda Núñez Díaz Fecha de presentación: 19/07/10 LIMA-PERÚ 2010 DESAFÍOS DE LA SALUD PÚBLICA BUCAL EN EL PERÚ Actualmente, no es desconocido el hecho que el Perú está quedando ileso de la crisis económica y que en vez de disminuir su crecimiento económico, éste sigue aumentando. Esto es debido a ciertos factores y medidas que se tomaron en el gobierno de Alberto Fujimori, quien adoptó medidas drásticas para que el Perú saliera de la situación trágica y deplorable en la que se encontraba después de la hiperinflación en la que había estado en el primer gobierno de Alan García. Las políticas utilizadas en el gobierno de Alberto Fujimori se caracterizaron por ser neoliberales y como todo, trajeron consigo aspectos positivos y negativos a nuestra situación. Como aspecto negativo resaltante, se puede mencionar la crítica situación de la salud pública de salud bucal. Ésta ha sido relegada por las autoridades y por la misma población, debido a la extrema preocupación e importancia que le dan a los aspectos económicos. La salud bucal y la profesión odontológica atraviesan una etapa de estancamiento debido a dos factores
The Role Of Functional Imaging In The Diagnosis And Treatment Of Epilepsy
The Role Of Functional Imaging In The Diagnosis And Treatment Of Epilepsy Neurological conditions such as epilepsy and Schizophrenia have been ascribed to supernatural phenomena such as 'being possessed' through an ignorance of the fundamental mechanisms that govern our consciousness. For this reason, one of the most important advances in modern Neuroscience has been the advent of Functional brain imaging, which has for the first time allowed a connection to be drawn between a conscious or subconscious mental process, and a related electrophysiological change in the brain. Functional imaging has endless possible applications, with this dissertation examining how functional imaging has aided the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy, a common neurological disorder that affects 0.5-1% of the world's industrialized population [1]. Overview of the potential of functional imaging in epilepsy Epilepsy is defined as a chronic condition of seizures,[2] a seizure being a paroxysmal discharge of neurones causing an event which is discernable by the subject or an observer.2Seizures occur for many different reasons, and different aetiologies underlie different types of epilepsy.[3] The enhanced excitability seen in the EZ (see fig.1 for explanation) may result from many different factors such as altered cellular properties or altered synaptic connections caused by a local scar, blood
What is myocardial infarction and what is the general treatment for this disease?
What is myocardial infarction and what is the general treatment for this disease? Pathology and General Treatment: Myocardial infarction (MI) is an ischemic myocardial necrosis usually resulting from abrupt reduction in coronary blood flow to a segment of myocardium. (Beers and Berko, 1999) In over 90 % of patients with acute MI, an acute thrombosis, often associated with plaque rupture, occludes the artery (previously partially obstructed by an atherosclerotic plaque) that supplies the damaged area. (Beers and Berko, 1999) If the myocardium is deprived of oxygen for a sufficient length of time, a portion of the myocardium dies. It is predominantly a disease of the left ventricle, but damage may extend to the right ventricle or atria. (Beers and Berko, 1999) The ability of the heart to continue functioning as a pump relates directly to the extent of myocardial damage. (Powers and Howley, 1996) Two type of infarctions are generally described, depending upon the amount of myocardial tissue involved: 1) a transmural infarction (Q-wave infarction) involves the full thickness of the ventricular wall. 2) A subendocardial infarction (non-Q-wave infarction) is limited to the inner half of the myocardium. (ACSM, 1997) Pain is the main symptom of a MI. It has similarities to angina pectoris pain but is more severe. Other symptoms that may accompany a MI are nausea, sweating and
The term "amphetamine" is used to refer to a largeclass of stimulants
The term "amphetamine" is used to refer to a large class of stimulants: amphetamines (black beauties, white bennies), dextroamphetamines (dexies, beans), and methamphetamines (crank, meth, crystal, speed). The different types of amphetamines have such similar chemical make-ups and effects that even experienced users may not be able to tell which drug they have taken. Source: NIDA Cocaine is a drug extracted from the leaves of the coca plant. It is a potent brain stimulant and one of the most powerfully addictive drugs. Cocaine is distributed on the street in two main forms: cocaine hydrochloride is a white crystalline powder that can be snorted or dissolved in water and injected; and "crack" is cocaine hydrochloride that has been processed with ammonia or sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) and water into a freebase cocaine. These chips, chunks, or rocks can be smoked. Cocaine may be used occasionally, daily, or in a variety of compulsive, repeated-use "binges". Regardless of how it is used, cocaine is highly addictive. Crack cocaine and injected cocaine reach the brain quickly and bring an intense and immediate high. Snorted cocaine produces a high more slowly. Cocaine can produce a surge in energy, a feeling of intense pleasure, and increased confidence. The high from snorting may last 15 to 30 minutes, while that from smoking may last 5 to 10
Parkinson's disease
In 1817 , a London physician named James Parkinson wrote the first information of Parkinson's disease in his essay of the shaking palsy , and now in just under 200 years it has become the second most common neurogenic disorder affecting approximately 1% of the world population over 50 years old .However very few people know what Parkinson's is and its influence to the everyday life of a suffer. So in this essay critically evaluate the Parkinson association of South Africa pamphlet by covering the most common questions asked by potential suffers or their families in order to determine what effects Parkinson's disease has on a sufferer. Before I begin to evaluating the pamphlet it would be helpful to familiarize ourselves with what Parkinson disease is, how it is brought about and who is mainly affected. Parkinson's disease is a progressive, neurological disorder, occurring when nerve cells do not work properly in a particular area of the brain, called the substantia nigra, which is a pigmented nucleus in the brain stem ( Alexander, Fawcett & Runciman ,2000) .The substantia nigra forms part of the basal ganglia which consists of several clusters of cell bodies receiving impulses from different parts of the cerebral cortex. These nerve cells produce and store dopamine and acetylcholine, the chemical messenger which co-ordinates the body's movements, the chemical messengers work